Fa: Endocrine - Embryology, Anatomy, And Physiology - 1

Front 1

What is the initial thyroid precursor? Source?

Back 1

Thyroid Diverticulum - arises from floor of primitive pharynx

Front 2

What happens to the Thyroid Diverticulum? What is it connected to?

Back 2

- Descends into neck from origin in floor of primitive pharynx
- Connected to tongue by thyroglossal duct

Front 3

How is the Thyroid initially connected to the Tongue? What happens to this connection?

Back 3

- Thyroid diverticulum is connected to the tongue by the Thyroglossal Duct
- Normally disappears, but may persist as pyramidal lobe of thyroid
- Foramen cecum is a normal remnant of the thyroglossal duct

Front 4

What is the normal remnant of the thyroglossal duct (connects tongue to thyroid diverticulum)?

Back 4

Foramen Cecum

Front 5

What is the most common ectopic thyroid tissue site?

Back 5

Tongue

Front 6

What diagnosis should you consider in a patient presenting with an anterior midline neck mass that moves with swallowing or protrusion of the tongue?

Back 6

Thyroglossal Duct Cyst

Front 7

What diagnosis should you consider if your patient presents with a mass in their lateral neck?

Back 7

Branchial Cleft Cyst - persistent cervical sinus

Front 8

What are the adrenal cortex and medulla derived from?

Back 8

- Adrenal cortex: mesoderm
- Adrenal medulla: neural crest

Front 9

What are the layers of the adrenal cortex from external to internal?

Back 9

- Zona Glomerulosa
- Zona Fasiculata
- Zona Reticularis

Front 10

What is the primary regulatory control of the Zona Glomerulosa? Secretory product?

Back 10

- Controlled by Renin-Angiotensin
- Secretes Aldosterone

Front 11

What is the primary regulatory control of the Zona Fasiculata? Secretory product?

Back 11

- Controlled by ACTH and CRH
- Secretes cortisol and sex hormones

Front 12

What is the primary regulatory control of the Zona Reticularis? Secretory product?

Back 12

- Controlled by ACTH and CRH
- Secretes sex hormones (eg, androgens)

Front 13

What kind of cells are in the Adrenal Medulla?

Back 13

Chromaffin cells

Front 14

What is the primary regulatory control of the Adrenal Medulla? Secretory product?

Back 14

- Controlled by preganglionic sympathetic fibers
- Secretes catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

Front 15

What is the most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in adults? What does it characteristically cause?

Back 15

Pheochromocytoma
- Episodic hypertension

Front 16

What is the most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in children? What does it characteristically cause?

Back 16

Neuroblastoma
- RARELY causes hypertension

Front 17

How is the adrenal gland drained on the left side?

Back 17

Left adrenal gland → Left adrenal vein → Left renal vein → IVC

Front 18

How is the adrenal gland drained on the right side?

Back 18

Right adrenal gland → Right adrenal vein → IVC

Front 19

What tissue are the anterior and posterior pituitary made from?

Back 19

- Anterior Pituitary: oral ectoderm (Rathke pouch)
- Posterior Pituitary: neuroectoderm

Front 20

What is the other name for the posterior pituitary? What does it secrete?

Back 20

Neurohypophysis
- Vasopressin / ADH
- Oxytocin

Front 21

What is the source of ADH and Oxytocin?

Back 21

They are both made in the hypothalamus and shipped to the posterior pituitary via the neurophysins (carrier proteins)

Front 22

What is the other name for the anterior pituitary? What does it secrete?

Back 22

Adenohypophysis

Think FLAT PiGs eat MuSH:
- FSH
- LH
- ACTH
- TSH
- Prolactin
- GH
- MSH (Melanotropin)

Front 23

What kind of cells are there in the anterior pituitary? Functions?

Back 23

- Acidophils: secretes Prolactin and GH
- Basophils: FSH, LH, ACTH, and TSH

Front 24

What are the subunits of the hormones released from the anterior pituitary? Functions?

Back 24

- α subunit: hormone subunit common to TSH, LH, FSH, and hCG
- β subunit: determines hormone specificity

Front 25

Which hormones have the same α subunit?

Back 25

- TSH
- LH
- FSH
- hCG