Exam I: Public Speaking

Front 1

positive nervousness

Back 1

Controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation

Front 2

visualization

Back 2

Mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation.

Front 3

ethnocentrism

Back 3

The belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures.

Front 4

plagiarism

Back 4

Presenting another person's language or ideas as one's own.

Front 5

global plagiarism

Back 5

Stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own.

Front 6

patchwork plagiarism

Back 6

Stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own.

Front 7

incremental plagiarism

Back 7

Failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people.

Front 8

appreciative listening

Back 8

Listening for pleasure or enjoyment.

Front 9

empathic listening

Back 9

Listening to provide emotional support for a speaker.

Front 10

Comprehensive Listening

Back 10

Listening to understand the message of a speaker.

Front 11

critical listening

Back 11

listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it

Front 12

What are the three suggestions for focusing your listening?

Back 12

Listen for Main Points
Listen for Evidence
Listen for Technique

Front 13

What are the four brainstorming techniques for topics?

Back 13

Personal Inventory
Clustering
Reference search
internet search

Front 14

personal inventory

Back 14

Make a quick inventory of your experiences, interests, hobbies, skills, beliefs, and so forth. Jot down EVERYTHING. From this list may come a general subject area out of which you can fashion a specific topic.

Front 15

Clustering

Back 15

Divide a paper into nine columns: People, places, things, events, processes, concepts, natural phenomena, problems, plans, policies. List in each column the first five or six items that come to mind.

Front 16

Reference Search

Back 16

Go to the reference room of the library and browse through an encyclopedia, a periodical database, or some other reference work until you stumble across what might be a good speech topic.

Front 17

Internet Search

Back 17

Connect to a subject-based search engine, such as Yahoo or the LIbrarians' Index to the Internet.

Front 18

audience centeredness

Back 18

keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation

Front 19

identification

Back 19

a process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences

Front 20

brief example

Back 20

a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point

Front 21

extended example

Back 21

a story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point

Front 22

hypothetical example

Back 22

an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation

Front 23

Make your examples vivid and richly textured

Back 23

The richly textured example supplies everyday details that bring the example to life. THe more vivid your examples--brief or extended--the more impact they are likely to have on your audience.

Front 24

Practice delivery to enhance your extended examples

Back 24

An extended example is just like a story or narrative. Its impact will depend as much on delivery as on content. So practice!

Front 25

Use Statistics from reliable sources

Back 25

As a speaker, you must be aware of possible bias in the use of numbers. Since statistics can be interpreted so many ways and put to so many uses, you should seek figures gathered by objective, nonpartisan sources

Front 26

Use statistics sparingly

Back 26

Insert statistics only when they are needed, and then make sure they are easy to grasp.

Front 27

Explain your statistics

Back 27

Statistics don't speak for themselves. They need to be interpreted and related to your listeners. Explain what statistics mean when dealing with large numbers since they are hard to visualize.

Front 28

Round off complicated statistics

Back 28

Unless there is an important reason to give exact numbers, you should round off most statistics.

Front 29

Use visual aids to clarify statistical trends

Back 29

visual aids can save you a lot of time, as well as make your statistics easier to comprehend.

Front 30

expert testimony

Back 30

testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields

Front 31

peer testimony

Back 31

testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic

Front 32

Use Testimony from qualified sources

Back 32

Being a celebrity or an authority in one area does not make someone competent in other areas. Listeners will find your speeches much more credible if you use testimony from sources qualified on the subject at hand. As we have seen, this may include either recognized experts or ordinary citizens with special experience on the speech topic.

Front 33

Use testimony from unbiased sources

Back 33

Careful listeners are suspicious of opinion from biased or self-interest sources. Be sure to use testimony from credible, competent, objective authorities.

Front 34

chronological order

Back 34

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern

Front 35

spatial order

Back 35

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern

Front 36

causal order

Back 36

a method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship

Front 37

problem-solution order

Back 37

a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.

Front 38

topical order

Back 38

a method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics

Front 39

Why is public speaking considered an art?

Back 39

Like other arts, public speaking involves theories, models, and practice

Front 40

What is success based on in public speaking?

Back 40

Success as a public speaker is based largely on critical thinking, appropriate rhetorical choices, self-confidence, and effective delivery

Front 41

What are the five canons of rhetoric?

Back 41

invention
arrangement
style
memory
delivery

Front 42

What are the three rhetorical appeals?

Back 42

ethos
pathos
logos

Front 43

ethos

Back 43

credibility of speaker

Front 44

pathos

Back 44

emotional appeals

Front 45

logos

Back 45

logical appeals-create impression of reasoned arguments that support speakers position

Front 46

What are the three selective psychological processes?

Back 46

1) selective attention
2) selective perception
3) selective retention

Front 47

selective attention

Back 47

need to get everybody interested in you. come up with creative introduction, opening device

Front 48

selective perception

Back 48

audience members perceive things differently. how do you get the audience to perceive the message the same?

Front 49

selective retention

Back 49

ppl remember things differently

Front 50

What are the two steps of demographic audience analysis?

Back 50

1) Identify general demographic features
2) Determine the importance of those features

Front 51

What are the 7 major demographic variables?

Back 51

1) Age
2) Gender
3) Sexual orientation
4) Racial, ethnic, & cultural background
5) religion
6) group membership
7) other variables

Front 52

What are the three points to dispositional audience analysis?

Back 52

interest
knowledge
attitude

Front 53

What are the four objectives of the introduction?

Back 53

1) gain audiences attention
2) establish credibility
3) reveal your topic in introduction
4) preview the main points

Front 54

What are the eight types of opening devices?

Back 54

1) reference to the subject
2) reference to the occassion
3) personal reference
4) rhetorical questions
5) startling statement
6) pertinant quotation
7) using a joke/funny story
8) a real or hypothetical story

Front 55

What are the four reasons why good organization is important?

Back 55

1) helps with audience comprehension
2) assits with audience retention
3) good organization increases speaker credibility
4) can increase speaker confidence

Front 56

Number of Main Points

Back 56

1) 2-3 main points
2) never more than 5
3) Common organizational patterns
a- special considerations
b- each main pt should be equally important
c- balance time allocation
d- use parallel wording

Front 57

Coordination and subordination

Back 57

Coordination- All points at 1 level of an outline should not overlap and should be of equal importance

Subordination- each point of the outline must directly support the point at the next level

Front 58

signposts (two concepts)

Back 58

using language to flag an important idea

Front 59

What are the two objectives of the conclusion?

Back 59

1) signal the end
2) leave a really strong final impression

Front 60

Developing a note of finality

Back 60

- avoid an abrupt ending so audience is satisfied that it's over
- weed in a concluding phrase
- work on delivery to execute a note of finality (pull voice down, slow down)
- avoid saying thank-you