Drug In Modern Soceity Exam 2

Front 1

__% of students are nondrinkers

Back 1

20%

Front 2

__% of students meet the criteria for alcohol abuse

Back 2

31%

Front 3

____ student deaths occur from alcohol related injuries including motor vehicles

Back 3

1400

Front 4

____ students drive under the influence

Back 4

2,100,000

Front 5

____ students report alcohol related sexual assault including date rape

Back 5

70,000

Front 6

Alcohol affects the neurotransmitters ___ and ___.

Back 6

Dopamine and Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Front 7

neurotransmitter that accounts for feelings of pleasure and euphoria

Back 7

dopamine

Front 8

neurotransmitter that has an inhibitory effect and leads to sedation, relaxation, drowsiness and depression.

Back 8

gamma-aminobutyric acid

Front 9

concentration of alcohol in the bloodstream (expressed as a percentage)

Back 9

Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC)

Front 10

no overall effects, slight mood elevation at this level.

Back 10

.02-.03

Front 11

feeling of relaxation, warmth, sligt decrease in reaction time in fine motor skills, less alert, less inhibited, slight impaired judgment, slight euphoria at this level.

Back 11

.05-.06

Front 12

balance, speech, vision, and hearing slightly impaired. feelings of euphoria, increased confidence, loss of motor coordination at this level.

Back 12

.08-.09

Front 13

you are legally intoxicated at this BAC

Back 13

.08

Front 14

Slower reaction time, impaired muscle control, reduced visual and auditory acuity at this level

Back 14

.10

Front 15

coordination and balance become difficult at this level, distinct impairment of mental faculties and judgment.

Back 15

.11-.12

Front 16

major impairment of mental and physical control, slurred speech, blurred vision, lack of motor skills, distorted perception at this level

Back 16

.14-.15

Front 17

a normal user will pass out at this level

Back 17

.15

Front 18

loss of motor control, must have assistance in moving about, mental confusion, markedly affected psychomotor ability, difficulty staying awake at this level

Back 18

.20

Front 19

inability to stand without help, grossly affected ability to comprehend at this level

Back 19

.25

Front 20

enter a stuporous state, inability to respond to stimuli, not likely to remember events the next day, sever intoxication, minimum conscious control of mind and body at this level

Back 20

.30

Front 21

completely anethsetized, 1% will die at this BAC

Back 21

.35

Front 22

state of unconsciousness or coma. half will fatally overdose without medical intervention, threshold of coma at this level

Back 22

.40

Front 23

deep coma or complete unconsciousness if not already dead at this level

Back 23

.50

Front 24

death from respiratory failure of almost all individuals at this level

Back 24

.60

Front 25

___: most commonly used measure of intoxication for legal and medical purposes.

Back 25

BAC

Front 26

the point of diminishing return

Back 26

.055

Front 27

___ deaths due to binge drinking in college students a year

Back 27

1400

Front 28

__% of men and __ % of women binge drink

Back 28

48%, 41%

Front 29

Drinking behavior is often regulated by ___

Back 29

social norms

Front 30

___ exert an enormous influence on alcohol use.

Back 30

Friends

Front 31

two ways death from alcohol may be caused.

Back 31

1. CNS and respiratory depression
2. inhaling fluid or vomit into the lungs

Front 32

When to call 9/11:

Back 32

-you can't wake the person up or person has an injury
-if person has shallow breathing or is breathing irregularly
-person drank a large amount in a short time
-if you aren't sure

Front 33

believed to be the oldest drug known to humans

Back 33

alcohol

Front 34

this drug has had the largest impact on the US and the world

Back 34

alcohol

Front 35

Colonial view on alcohol

Back 35

-seen as a 'gift from God'
-contained nutrients and was more sanitary then other beverages
-first distillery opened in 1640 on Staten Island
-was traded for slave and used as payment for employee's, army-soldiers, and was given by politicians to voters

Front 36

social movement to reduce (modify) alcohol use in late 1700's to mid 1800's (civil war) because of immoderate use of alcohol.

Back 36

Temperance

Front 37

people during the temperance movement thought that alcohol:

Back 37

broke down the family, caused crime and violence.

Front 38

1784 ____ described the harmful effects of alcohol and advocated that people become more educated about the hazards and learn to control their drinking

Back 38

Dr. Benjamin Rush

Front 39

caused because of escalating rate of alcohol use and abuse.

Back 39

prohibition

Front 40

___: Maine prohibited alcohol consumption

Back 40

1851

Front 41

on January 16th, 1920 the __ amendment was passed for national prohibition, alcohol was outlawed.

Back 41

18th

Front 42

effects of prohibition

Back 42

-at first it reduced use, but law was difficult to enforce
-widespread contempt for the law
-led to bootlegging and a dangerous product
-illegal trade, black market, and organized crime

Front 43

secret clubs for buying alcohols, you could only enter if you spoke the password.

Back 43

speakeasy's

Front 44

most of today's drinkers, their drinking patterns do not lead to long-term health or social risks
(however, may experience immediate risks such as an accident)

Back 44

social drinkers

Front 45

in general alcohol consumption in the US has _____ with the increased emphasis on healthier lifestyles

Back 45

gone down

Front 46

__% of college students are problem drinkers and drink __% of the alcohol

Back 46

10%, 90%

Front 47

__% of alcohol sales are to underage drinkers

Back 47

12%

Front 48

heavily flavored alcoholic beverages

Back 48

alcopops

Front 49

__: national minimum drinking age act

Back 49

1984

Front 50

__: national BAC limit set to .08

Back 50

1998

Front 51

a condition affecting children born to alcohol-consuming mothers that is characterized by facial deformities, brain damage, intellectual difficulties, behavioral problems, and growth defects.

Back 51

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Front 52

leading cause of mental retardation in the US. third leading cause of birth defects.

Back 52

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Front 53

child has short nose with a flattened bridge, eyelids with extra folds, and a thin upper lip with no groove below the nose as well as growth deficiency and mental retardation.

Back 53

fetal alcohol syndrom features

Front 54

alcohol is the __ leading calorie contributor in the US

Back 54

third

Front 55

the psycoactive drug in wine, beer, and liquor

Back 55

Ethyl Alcohol

Front 56

twice the percentage of alcohol in a beverage so a 100 proof beverage is 50% alcohol

Back 56

proof value

Front 57

one standard drink:

Back 57

14 grams (.6 ounces) of pure alcohol
-12 ounces of beer
-8-9 ounces of malt liquor
-5 ounces of wine

Front 58

the body can metabolize about __ ounce of alcohol in __

Back 58

1/2, 1 hour

Front 59

alcohol is absorbed from the stomach (__%) and small intestine (__%) into the bloodstream where it is carried to the tissues

Back 59

20%, 80%

Front 60

slowly metabolizes the alcohol and eliminates it from the body by transforming it into acetaldehyde, then to acetate, then to water, then to carbon dioxide

Back 60

liver

Front 61

factors of alcohol absorbtion

Back 61

-food in stomach
-wine and beer less quickly than distilled
-champagne quicker because of carbonation
-distilled mixed and carbonated beverages more quickly
-strong emotion such as anger or fear more quickly
-body size, weight and percent body fat
-gender (women produce less alcohol dehydrogenase)
-biochemistry and genetics

Front 62

the process of transforming certain yeasts, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen of sugar and water into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide

Back 62

fermentation

Front 63

beverages such as whiskey, rum, gin, and vodka that are produced by boiling fermented mixtures of cereal grains or fruits in a still

Back 63

distilled beverages

Front 64

light drinking

Back 64

up to 3 drinks a week, may protect against heart disease and stroke, increases the body's production of HDL, protects against diabetes and gallstones.

Front 65

moderate drinking

Back 65

4-14 drinks a week for men and 4-7 drinks a week for women. (1 drink a day for women and 2 drinks a day for men)

Front 66

heavy drinking

Back 66

more than 14 for men and 7 a week for women, is not healthy and can be dangerous

Front 67

binge drinking

Back 67

consuming 5 or more drinks (men) or four (women) in a short period of time

Front 68

extreme drinking

Back 68

double binge (10-8)

Front 69

risky drinking

Back 69

consistently having a .05 BAC

Front 70

typical age binge drinking starts

Back 70

13

Front 71

uncontrollable drinking that leads to alcohol craving, loss of control, physical dependance but with less prominent characteristics than found in alcoholism

Back 71

alcohol abuse

Front 72

condition in which one's body requires alcohol and marked by tolerance

Back 72

alcohol dependence

Front 73

__ americans are alcoholics

Back 73

1 in 10

Front 74

__ americans have an alcohol disorder

Back 74

1 in 3

Front 75

most common characteristic for an alcoholic

Back 75

inability to control drinking because of dependance on alcohol

Front 76

Alcoholism characterized by:

Back 76

-tolerance and withdrawl
-life expectancy cut by 15 years
-alcohol affects every organ and every system

Front 77

two most important factors in determining how alcohol affects the body

Back 77

frequency of use and quantity consumed

Front 78

veisalgia

Back 78

hangover

Front 79

long term physical problems from alcohol

Back 79

-damages and destroys brain cells
-causes cancer
-high blood pressure
-degeneration of the heart muscle
-malnutrition
-cirrhosis of the liver
-ulcers
-acute pancreatits
-reduces immunity

Front 80

person who displays behavior to cover up excessive drinking

Back 80

codependent

Front 81

person who helps the excessive drinker deny or make excuses for the drinker

Back 81

enabler

Front 82

scarring of the liver and formation of fibrous tissues

Back 82

cirrhosis

Front 83

periods of temporary memory loss, amnesia, often associated with heavy drinking. person may function normally, but later the person has no memory of what happened.

Back 83

blackout

Front 84

symptoms that occur when an individual who is addicted to alcohol does not maintain usual blood alcohol level (first 5 days are the most severe)

Back 84

acute alcohol withdrawl syndrome

Front 85

causes of alcoholism

Back 85

-no definitive explanation
-genetics: predisposing factor, biochemistry
psychosocial-how start using, reinforcing qualitites, individual traits, personality, progression from social drinking to to dependent drinking
-culture-attitude toward alcohol and how it can be consumed responsibly; provides rules for diking behavior

Front 86

most commonly used illegal drug in the United States

Back 86

Marijuana

Front 87

THC binds to this to control memory, thought, concentration, time, depth perception, and coordinated movement

Back 87

cannabinoid receptor

Front 88

marijuana tolerance

Back 88

-tolerance develops in animal studies
-human studies have conflicting results
-setting and familiarity important factors
-euphoria may be ones expectations

Front 89

1937 marijuana tax act

Back 89

national ban on non-medical use of marijuana, registration, and taxation

Front 90

first state to decriminalized marijuana

Back 90

oregon

Front 91

America's #1 cash crop

Back 91

marijuana

Front 92

a genus of plant also known as marijuana

Back 92

cannibas sativa

Front 93

woody fiber part of the marijuana plant that may be used to make rope, clothing, or paper

Back 93

hemp

Front 94

any part of the hemp plant

Back 94

marijuana

Front 95

chemicals found in marijuana

Back 95

cannabinoids

Front 96

carcinogenic compound found in marijuana and tobacco

Back 96

benzopyrene

Front 97

tops and flowers of the cannabis plant
-3-5% concentration THC

Back 97

ganja

Front 98

lower leaves, stems and seeds
-lowest potency of THC

Back 98

Bhang

Front 99

more potent form of marijuana derived from the secretions (resin) of the flowering tops.

Back 99

Hasish (charas)

Front 100

potent form of marijuana made by seperating resin from the cannabis plant by boiling the plant in alcohol; very high in THC (averages >20% THC)

Back 100

hash oil

Front 101

high potent varietyof marijuana from a seedless unpollenated female plant
-high concentration of THC (10-12%)
-up to 150x more potnet than marijuana

Back 101

sinsemlla

Front 102

drug that reduces nausea and vomiting

Back 102

anti-emetic

Front 103

medication formulated with THC

Back 103

marinol

Front 104

hunger experienced while under the effects of marijuana

Back 104

munchies

Front 105

hollowed out cigars packed with marijuana

Back 105

blunts

Front 106

affectors of marijuana strength

Back 106

-plant strain
-climate
-soil
-harvest
-added ingredients

Front 107

THC is stored in:

Back 107

fat cells

Front 108

a condition characterized by apathy, lack of motivation, an inability to concentrate and little achievement orientation

Back 108

amotivational syndrome

Front 109

factors influencing effects and use of marijuana

Back 109

-whether it's smoked or ingested
-dosage
-THC content
-interval between puffs
-depth of inhalation
-length of time in ones lungs
-set and setting
-pervious experience
-personality of user

Front 110

marijuana smoke compared to tobacco

Back 110

-70% more benzopyrnene and 50% more tar than tobacco
-70% more tar goes into lungs than cigarettes
-THC reaches the brain cells in 14 seconds
-approximatly 500 chemicals in marijuana
-burns hotter

Front 111

nerotransmitter affected by nicotine

Back 111

acetocholine

Front 112

acetocholine affects:

Back 112

muscle movement
breathing
heart rate
learning and memory
mood and appetite

Front 113

nicotine raises levels of __ that produces feelings of pleasure and reward

Back 113

dopamine

Front 114

nuerotransmitter heavily involved in addiction

Back 114

dompamine

Front 115

tobacco kills ___ in the US

Back 115

430,000-450,000 each year

Front 116

tobacco farming is the __ leading cash crop in America

Back 116

9th

Front 117

single largest preventable cause of illness and premature death in the US

Back 117

cigarette smoking

Front 118

year nictotine was first identified as poisoness

Back 118

1828

Front 119

$45 billion dollars a year in taxes

Back 119

tobacco

Front 120

year US surgeon general reported that tobacco is harzardous to your health

Back 120

1964

Front 121

nicotine in one dip =

Back 121

4 cigarettes

Front 122

year landmark settlement, 5 major companies had to compensate 46 states $206 billion for treatment, tobacco companies no longer are liable for addiction or dependence claims or claims for punitive damages

Back 122

1999

Front 123

% of US population that smoke

Back 123

20-25%

Front 124

__% of today's smokers started by age 14

Back 124

60 (90% by age 18)

Front 125

year tobacco companies admitted tobacco is addictive

Back 125

1999

Front 126

youths who smoke are __x more likely to use illegal drugs than nonsmoking youth

Back 126

7

Front 127

the belief that use of a lower drug can lead to the subsequent us of "harder", more dangerous drugs

Back 127

gateway drug

Front 128

reasons a person begins smoking

Back 128

-peer pressure
-cope with stress
-want to appear mature
-display independace
-household smokers

Front 129

forms of smokeless tobacco

Back 129

chew, dip, or snuff

Front 130

made from tobacco and cloves, contain more tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide than commercial cigarettes and has an ingredient that anesthetizes the back of the throat and inhibits the coughing reflex

Back 130

clove

Front 131

flavored cigarettes from India that have considerably higher concentrations of nicotine than commercial cigarettes

Back 131

bidis

Front 132

compact roll of tobacco leaves, nicotine level is higher than in cigarettes

Back 132

cigars

Front 133

third world smoking is rising by

Back 133

18% per year

Front 134

you lose ___ minutes for each cigarette you smoke

Back 134

7-11

Front 135

it takes about __ years to go from light smoking to heavy smoking

Back 135

2-3

Front 136

levels of nicotine have sharply __ since 1952

Back 136

declined

Front 137

short term affects of nicotine

Back 137

shortness of breath
smokers throat
cough
bronchitis
loss of appetite
fatigue
hoarsness
weight loss
etc

Front 138

long term affects of nicotine

Back 138

loss of life expectancey (as much as 15 years
loss in quality of life (last 12-15 years considered dysfunctional living
CVD
cancer
emphysema
ulcers
diabetes
strokes
etc

Front 139

type of chronic obstructive lung disease. often caused by exposure to toxic chemicals or long term exposure to tobacco smoking

Back 139

emphysema

Front 140

produces premature birth, weighing less while pregnant, miscarriges, stillbirths, SIDS, and congenital malformations

Back 140

women who smoke

Front 141

smoking is a factor in ___

Back 141

1 in 6 deaths

Front 142

first attempt to use tobacco is described as having:

Back 142

palpitations, dizziness, nausea, perpiration, vomiting

Front 143

nicotine can reach the brain in:

Back 143

7 seconds

Front 144

tobacco companies knew tobacco was addicitve in __ and knew it caused disease in ___

Back 144

1963, 1950

Front 145

nicotine is similar to:

Back 145

amphetamines and cocaine

Front 146

3 most damaging chemicals in cigarettes are:

Back 146

carbon monoxide (interferes with oxygen-carrying capacity of blood)
tar (carcinogenic component of tobacco)
nicotine (psychoactive drug in tobacco-responsible for stimulation and dependance)

Front 147

types of smoke:

Back 147

passive, environmental, secondhand: all the smoke in the air

Front 148

__% of smoke in a room in second hand smoke

Back 148

85

Front 149

mainstream smoke

Back 149

smoke exhailed by smokers

Front 150

sidestream smoke

Back 150

the smoke that enters the air from the burning end of the cigarette; SSis more toxic and 85% of smoke in a room.