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327 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the scientific study of the actions of drugs and their effects on a living organism
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pharmacology
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the study concerned with drug-induced changes in the functioning of cells in the nervous system
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neuropharmacology
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emphasizes drug induced changes in mood, thinking, and behavior
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psychopharmacology
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concerned with identifying chemical substances that act on teh nervous system to alter behavior that is disturbed because of injury
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neuropsychopharmacology
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referring to the specific molecular changes produced by a drug when it binds to a particular target site or receptor
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drug action
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the widespread alterations in physiological or psychological functions due to the molecular changes caused by drug actions
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drug effects
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when the drug-receptor interaction produces desired physical or behavioral changes
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therapeutic effects
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all other effects that are not theraputic caused by drugs
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side effects
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those effects based on teh physical and biochemical interactions of a drug with a target site in living tissue
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specific drug effects
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drug effects that are based not on the chemical activity of a drug-receptor interaction, but on certain unique characterisitcs of teh individual
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nonspecific drug effects
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a pharmacologically inert compound administered to an individual
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placebo
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an experiment in which neither the patient nor the observer knows what treatment the patient has recieved
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double blind experiement
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the amount of a drug in teh blood that is free to bind at specific target sits to elicit drug action
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bioavailablity
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what 5 factors consitute teh pharmacokinetic component of drug action?
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routes of administration, absorption and distribution, binding, inactivation, excretion
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kind of pharmacokinetic component of drug action: how and where a drug is administered determines how quickly and how completely the drug is absorbed into the blood
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routes of administration
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kind of pharmacokinetic component of drug action: because a drug rarely acts where it initially contacts the body, it must pass through a variety of cell membranes and enter teh blood plasma, which transports the drug to virtually all of teh cells in teh body
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absorption and distribution
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kind of pharmacokinetic component of drug action: once in teh blood plasma, some drug molecules move to tissues to bind to active target sites (receptors)
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binding
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occurs as a result of metabolic processes in teh liver. the amount of drug in teh body at any one time is dependent on teh dynamci blance between absorption and inactivation
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inactivation
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kind of pharmacokinetic component of drug action: when teh liver metaolites are eliminated from the body with teh urine or feces
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excretion
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type of drug administration method:the most popular route for taking durgs because it is safe, self-administered, and econmical, and it avoids the complications and discomfrot of injection methods
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oral administration
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movement of a drug from teh site of administration to teh blood circulation is called __
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absorption
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an evolutionarily beneficial function because potentially armful chemicals and toxins that are ingested pass via the portal vein to the liver where they are cehmically altered by a variety of enzymes before passing tot he heart for ciruculation throughout the body
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first-pass metabolism
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type of drug administration method: requries the placement of a drug filled suppository in teh recturm, where teh supository coating gradually melts or dissolves, releasing teh drug to be absorbed into the blood
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rectal administration
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type of drug administration method: teh most rapid and accurate methodof drug administration in that a precise quanitity of teh agent is placed directly into the blood and passage through cell memranes is eliminated
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intravenous
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type of drug administration method: an alternative to teh IV procedure, provides teh advantage of slower, more even absorptoin over a period of time
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intramuscular
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type of drug administration method: most common route of administration for small alabroatory animals
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intraperitoneal
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type of drug administration method: when a drug is injected ust below teh skin
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subcutaneous
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type of drug administration method: used to treat asthma attacks, allows drugs to be absorbed into the blood by passing through the lungs. (very rapid because the area of teh pulmonary absorbing surfaces is large and rich with capillaries)
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inhalation
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the method preferred for self-administeration in cases when oral absorption is too slow and much of the active drug is destroyed before it reaches teh brain
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inhalation
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type of drug administration method: when drugs are applied to teh mucous embranes, such as teh conjunctiva of the eye, the oral cavity, nasopharynx, vagina, colon, and urethra generally provides local drug effects
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topical
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causes local efects such as releving nasal congestion and treating allergies, but can also have suystemtic effecs, in which case the drug moves across a single epithelial cell layer into the blood stream, bybassing the first-pass metabolism
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intranasal administration
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type of drug administration method: used with skin patches, provides controlled and sustained delivery of drug at a pre-programed rate
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transdermal
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refers to the application of deoxyribonucleic acid, which encodes a specific protein to a particular target site to increase or block expression of the gene product to correct a clinical condition
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gene therapy
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drugs that have an effect on thinking, mood, and behavior
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psychoactive drugs
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type of drug administration method:
advantage: safe; self administered; economical not needle related complications Disadvantage: slow and highly variable absorption; subject to first pass metabolism; less predictable blood levels |
oral
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type of drug administration method:
advantage: most rapid; most accurate blood concentration Disadvantage: overdose danger; cannot be readily reversed; requires sterile needles and medical technique |
intravenous
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type of drug administration method:
advantage: slow and even absorption disadvantage: localized irriation at the site of injection; needs sterile equipment |
intramuscular
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type of drug administration method:
advantage: slow and prolonged absorption disadvantage: variable absorption depending on blood flow |
subcutaneous
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type of drug administration method: advantage: large absorption surface; very rapid onset; no injeciton equipment needed disadvantages: irritation of nasal passages; inhaled small particles may damage lungs
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inhalation
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type of drug administration method: advantages: localized action and effects; easy to self-administer disadvantages: may be absorbed into general circulation
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topical
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type of drug administration method: advantages: controlled and prolonged absorption disadvantages: local irritation; useful only for lipid soluble drugs
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transdermal
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type of drug administration method: advantage: bypasses blood brain barrier; very rapid effects on CNS disadvantages: not reversible; needs trained anesthesiologist; possible nerve damage
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epidural
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complex lipid molecules that have a negatively cahrged region at one end and two uncharged lipid tails
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phospholipids
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drugs with high lipid solubility move through cell membranes by __, leaving the water int eh blood or stomach juices and entering the lipid layers of teh membranes
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passive diffusion
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the difference in concentration of membranes on either side of a membrane
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concentration gradient
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once way to predict the relative rate of mevement of a drug through cell membranes is to estimate its lipid solubility using its __
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partition coefficient
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the extent of ionization depends on two factors:
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the relative acidity/alkalinity of teh solution, the intrinsic property of teh molecule (pKa)
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a clear, colorless liquid that fills teh subarachnoid space that surrounds the entire bulk of teh brain and spinal cord and also fills teh hollow spaces and their interconnecting channels as well as teh centrally located cavity that runs longitudinally through the length of the spinal cord
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cerebrospinal fluid
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CSF is manufactured by the __
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choroid plexus
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the blood brain barrier is __ permeable
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selectively
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a barrier, unique to women, found betwen teh blood circulation of a pregnant mother and that of her fetus
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blacental barrier
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agents that induce developmental anormalities in teh fetus
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teratogens
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the brain is most sensative to teratogens __ days after fertilization
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15-16
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the binding of a drug to inactive sites
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depot binding
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drug clearance from teh blood usually occurs expontentially and is referred to as __
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first order kinetics
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when a constant fraction (50%) of free drug in teh blood is removed during each time interval
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exponential elimination
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rapid binding to depots before reaching target means __ onsets and __ effects
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slower, reduced
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high binding means __ free drug, so some people seem to need __ doses
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less, higer
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low binding means __ free drug, so these individuals seem more sensative
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more
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competition among drugs for depot binding sites means __ than expected blood levels of the displaced drug possibly causing greater side effects, even toxicity
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higher
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when teh bound drug is not metabolized, the drug __
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remains in teh body for prolonged action
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binding to deports follows the rapid action at tragets means __ of drug action
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rapid termination
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__ determines the time needed to reach the steady state plasma level
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a drugs half life
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the desired blood concentration of drug achieved when teh absorption/distribution phase is equal to the metabolism/exretion phase
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steady state plasma level
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drug molecules are cleared at a constant rate regardless of drug concentration; graphically represented by a straight line
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zero-order kinetics
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a kind of biotransformation which involve nonsynthetic modificatin of the drug molecule by oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis
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phase I
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a kind of biotransformation in which modifications are synthetic reactions that require the combination of the drug with some small molecule such as glucuronide, sulfate, or methyl groups
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phase II
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an increase in a particular liver enzyme
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enzyme induction
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when drugs directly inhibit the actino of enzymes that reduces the metabolism of other durgs taken at the same time that are metabolized by teh same enzyme
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enzyme inhibition
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occurs for durgs that share a metabolic system. because the number of enzyme molecules is limited, an elevated concentration of either dru reuces the metabolic rate of teh secnod causing potentially toxic levels
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drug competition
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teh effects of a drug are dtermined by (2)
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how much drug reaches target sites, how quickly it reaches those
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__ determines both onset and duration of drug action
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route of administration
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oral and rectal routes of adminitration are __ because they involve teh gastroinetinal tract; all other methods are called __
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enteral, parenteral
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drugs that are __ tend to remain nonionized (lipid soluble) in acidic body fulids. drugs that are __ are more ionized in teh acidic stomach fluid so they are absorbed less
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weak acids, weak bases
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the most important type of liver enzyme for tranforming psychotropic drugs
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cytochrome P450
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the study of physiological and biochemical interactin of drug molecules with target tissue that is responsible for teh ultimate effects of a drug
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pharmacodynamics
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large protein molecules located on teh surface of or within cells, are the initial sites of action of biologically active agents such as neurotransmitters, hormones, and durgs
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receptors
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any molecule that binds to a receptor with some slectivity
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ligand
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molecules that have teh best chemical "fit" (affinity) that attach most readily to a receptor
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receptor agonists
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molecules that do not only produce no cellular effect after binding, but by binding to the receptor and prevent an "active" ligand from binding
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receptor antagonists
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molecules that demonstrate effiacy that is less than that of full agonists but more than that of an antagonist at a given receptor
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partial agonists
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molecules that bind to a receptor, they initiate a biological action but it is an action that is opposite to that produced by an agonist
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inverse agonists
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long term regulation when receptor numbers increase
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up regulation
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when receptors are reduced in number, reflects compensatory changes after prolonged absence of receptor agonists or chronic activation recpecitvely
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down regulation
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shows that with increasing doses, the effect increases in a linear fashion until the maximum effect is reached
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dose-response curve
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the absolute amount of drug necessary to produce a specific effect
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potency
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theraputic index = __
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dose required to produce toxic effect in 50% of individuals (TD50)/dose that is effective for 50% of individuals (ED50)
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molecules that compete with agonists to bind to receptors but fail to initiate an intracellular effects thereby reducing the effects of the agonists
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competative antagonists
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drugs that reduce the effects of agonists in ways other than competing for the receptor
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noncompetitive antagonists
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involves two drugs that act in two distinct ways but interact in such a way that they reduce each other's effectiveness in teh body
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physiological antagonism
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if the outcome equals the sum of the two idividual effects of a drug
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additive effects
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refers to the situation in which teh combination of two drugs prduces efects that are greater than teh sum of their individual effects
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potentiation
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a diminished response to drug administration after repeated exposure to the drug
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tolerance
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when development of tolerance to one drug diminishes the effectiveness of a second drug
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cross-tolerance
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when tolerance develops during a single administration
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acute tolerance
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occurs when repeated use of a drug reduces the amount of that drug that is available at the target tissue
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metabolic tolerance (drug disposition tolerance)
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occurs when changes in nerve cell function compensate for continued presence of the drug
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pharmacodynamic tolerance
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seen when tolerance occurs in the same environment in which the drug was administered, but tolerance is not aparent or is much reduced in a novel environment
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behavioral tolerance
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states that tasks learned in the presence of a psycholactive drug may subsequently be performed better in the drugged state than in teh nondrugged state
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state dependent learning
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the enhancement of particular drug effects after repeated administration of the same dose of drug
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sensitization
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the study of the genetic basis for variability in drug response amoung individuals
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pharmacogeneitcs
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produces a half maximal effect
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ED50
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the more potent drug is one that has a __ ED50
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lower
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nerve cells that provide metabolic support, protection, and insulation for neurons
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glial cells
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neurons that are sensitive to enironmental stimuli, convert physical stimuli in the world aroudn us and in our internal envionrment into an electrical signal, • Take sensory stimuli from outside world
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sensory nerons
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nerve cells within teh brain and spinal cord that form complex interacting neural circuits and are responsible for conscious sensations, recognition, memory, decision making, and cognition. Connect sensory and motor neurons, Makeup majority of neurons
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interneurons
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nerve cells direct biobehavioral responses appropriate for the situation
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motor neurons
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the cell body of a nerve cell which contains the nuceus and other organelles that maintain cell metabolic function
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soma
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part of a neuron which are treelike projections from teh soma that receive information from other cells
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dendrites
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the singular tubular extension that conducts the electical signal from teh cell body of a neuron to teh terminal buttons ont eh axon terminals
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axon
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the salty, gelatinous fluid in a nerve cell
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cytoplasm
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the gap between a presynaptic axon terminal and a postsyaptic dendrite
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synapse
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the study of the genetic basis for variability in drug response amoung individuals
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Stem cells
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stem cells in nervous system become __
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Neurons and glia
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nerve cels that transmit information in the form of electrical signaling
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neurons
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neurons with a single, long axon and multiple branching dendrites, found in the CNS
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multiple
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a neuron with two extensions coming out of the cell body, one connects to dendrites, the other to an axon
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biopolar
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neuron with the cell body in the middle, two branches coming out of same extension (cerebellum, spinal cord)
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unipolar
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where information comes in from other neurons (a site on the dendrite)
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input zone
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located on the axon hillock and axon
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conduction zone
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located on the axon terminal
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output zone
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dendrites are covered with short dendritic spines tht increase __. they can vary in number, size and shpae due to environmental pressures
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surface area
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when a neuron receives and integrates a vast amount of information from many cells
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convergence
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when teh integrated information can be transmitted to a few or thousands of other neurons
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divergence
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Most axons are wrapped with a __, a fatty insulating coating created by layers of glial cells (helps with conduction)
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myelin sheath
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breaks in the myelin sheath, the sites at which action potentials are generated
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Nodes of Ranvier
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__ can affect gene expression (starvation, overabundance of food)
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Experiences
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the two processes of gene expression
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transcription, translation
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occurs in teh nuclues where messenger RNA makes a complementary copy of the active gene
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transcription
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when after moving from teh nucleus to the cytoplasm, mRNA attaches to organelles called ribosomes, which decode the recipe and link approriate amino acids together to form the protein
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translation
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the three fiber types that compose the cytoskeleton of neurons
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microtubule, neurofilament, microfilament
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when information travels from teh cell body to the axon
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antergrade transport
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the two types of anterograde transport: __: uses neurotransmitters, __: uses proteins, organelles
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fast, slow
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when information travels from teh axon back to the cell body
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retrograde
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the two kinds of gated channels
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ligand gated and voltage gated channels
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cells that produce the myelin sheath on neuronal axons of the peripheral nervous system
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schwann cells
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cells that produce the myelin sheath on neuronal axons of the central nervous system
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oligodendolia
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large, star shaped cells that have numerous extensions. provide stuctural support, maintian ionic and chemical environment, sotre nutrients to provide energy for neurons
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astrocytes
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act as scavengers that collect at sites of neuron damage to remove dying cells
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microglia
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the study of how environmental demands such as diet, environmental toxins, stress, prenatal nutrition, and many others turn on or turn off the expression of specific genes
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epigenetics
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proteins that span the membrane and allow ions to pass
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ion channels
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anions are __ charged
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+
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cations are __ charged
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-
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__ causes ions to flow form areas of high to low concentration, along their concentration gradient (across a permeable membrane)
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Diffusion
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__ causes ions to flow towards oppositely charged areas (extra cellular fluid is more positive than intracellular fluid
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Electrostatic forces
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Gated channels (ligand Gated) are normally__
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closed
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with the voltage gated K+ channels, as the inside of the cell becomes more__, voltage gated K+ channels open
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positive
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the difference in electrical charge beween inside and outside of cell (-70 mV)
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Resting membrane potential
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when a membrane allows ions to flow freely
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Membrane permeability
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once the cell interior and exterior match
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Equilibrium
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neurons us a mechanism, the sodium potassium pump to maintain resting potential (3 sodium out of cell for every 2 potassium that come in)
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Sodium potassium pump
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the sodium potassium pump pumps __ sodium ions out of the cell for every __ potassium in
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3, 2
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__ is an increase in membrane potential-the interior of the membrane becomes even more negative
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Hyperpolarization
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__ is a decrease in membrane potential-the interior of the cell becomes less negative
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Depolarization
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If depolarization is sufficient (reaches threshold [-40 mV]), an __ is generated (all or none phenomenon)
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action potential
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when various types of stimuli that disturb the membrane can open ion channels momentarily, causing smal local changes in ion distribution and hence electical potential differences called __
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local potentials
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when local potentials show summation
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integration
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__ depolarizes neuron until threshold is hit, then action potential is generated down axon
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Sodium
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Used giant squid axons to observe action potentials
Proved that ions were responsible for generatig axon potentials |
hodkin and huxley
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__ open when depolarization of the membrane occurs and allow sodium to come in, continues until equilibrium is reached
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Voltage gated Na+ channels
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__ as the inside of the cell becomes more positive, voltage gated K+ channels open allowing K+ out of the cell
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Voltage gated K+ chanels
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the time during which teh Na+ channels are closed and connot be opened regardless of teh amount of excitation, prevents the occurrence of anohter actin potential
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absolute refractory period
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when the membrane is more plarized than normal and it is more difficult to generate an action potntial
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relative refractory period
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when action potentials jump between the nodes of ranvier
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salutory conduction
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signals going into the spinal cord
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sensory afferents
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mixed nerves which are cells beginnning int eh ventral horn of teh spinal cord and ending on skeletal muscles
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motor efferents
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the summing of potentials that come from different parts of the cell
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Spatial summation
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the summing of potentials that arrive at the axon hillock at different times
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Temporal summation
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Head end of four legged animal
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Rostral or anterior
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Tail end off four animal
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Caudal or posterior
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Towards the belly
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Inferior or ventral
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towards the back
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superior or dorsal
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towards the midline
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Medial
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away from the midline
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Lateral
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on the same side of the body
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Ipsilateral
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cross over to the other side
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Contralateral
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near the center
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Proximal
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toward the periphery
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Distal
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three layers covering the brain that provide protection
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meninges
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teh outermost menigies
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dura mater
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the menigies just below the dura, a membrane with a weblike sublayer filled with cerebrospinal fluid
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arachnoid mater
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a thin layer of tissue that sits directly on teh nervous tissue
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pia matter
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CSF is secreted in teh __
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ventricles
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the CSF circulates through __, __, and __
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ventricles, subarachnoid space, central canal
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the brain recieves its blood through teh __ and__ arteries
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corotid, vertebral
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responsible for energy mobilization, origin in thoracic and lumbar spinal cord
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sympathetic nervous system
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responsible for energy conservation and storage, origin in cranial nerves and sacral spinal cord
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parasympathetic
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a series of chambers filled with CSF
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ventricles
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the two functions of CSF
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shock absorber, exchange medium between blood and brain
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the internal carotid artery branches into the __ cerebral sections
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anterior and midle
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__ enter the skull and form the basilar artery which gives rise to the posterior cerebral arteries
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Vertebral arteries
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The __ is a structure formed by the major cerebral arteries
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circle of willis
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The result of higher resistance in brain capillaries that restricts passage of large molecules
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the blood brain barrier
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made up of teh brain and spinal cord
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central nervous system
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the PNS is broken down into teh __ and__
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somatic, autonomic
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teh somatic nervous system is broken down into the __ and __
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sensory and motor
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the autonomic nervous system is broken down into the __ and __
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sympathetic and parasympathetic
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teh somatic nervous system is __
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voluntary
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the autonomic nervous system is __
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involuntary
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Dilates puils, ihibits salvation, relaxes airways, accelerates heartbeat, stimulates lucose production and relase from leiver, inhibits digestion, contricts blood vessels in skin
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sympathetic
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the sympathetic nervous system is teh __ system
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fight of flight
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parasympathetic nervous system is the __ system
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rest and resotration
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Enter and exit the brain directly to serve the region of the head and neck
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Cranial nervres
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there are __ of spinal nerves exit eh spinal cord to provide sensory an mortore pathways to the torso, arms, and legs
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31 pairs
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spinal cords are __ (containng an afferent and efferent nerve)
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mixed nerve
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a nerve that sends sensory info to the brain
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afferent
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a nerve with info leaving the brain
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efferent
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there are __ crainal nerves
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12
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in dvelopment the __ becomes the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, spinal cord
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neural tube
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during development when cell migration occurs, Precursure cells start out on edge of__, have to move to other parts of the brain
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ventricle
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during development when cell migration occurs, the __ stretch out axons and precursure cells climb up to move into parts of the brain
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Radoglia
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the first area of the CNS to develop are the __
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hind brain and mid brain
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the last part of the CNS to develop
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Cortex
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__ is an attractive substance (growth cones travel towards these)
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NGF (nerve growth factor)
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the spinal cord extends from the __ to the __
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medulla, first lumbar vetebra
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gray matter is made up of __
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neuron cell bodies
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white matter is made up of __
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myelinated sheath
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made up of the myelencephalon (medulla) the metencephalon (pons and cerebellum)
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the hindbrain
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made up of the mesencephalon
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midbrain
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responsible for Motor coordination, Balance, Learning, Attention, Memory
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cerebellum
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one of the first structures affected by alcohol
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cerebellum
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The __ is attached to the cerebellum and contains motor and sensory nuclei and gives rise to cranial nervres
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pons
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Responsible for REM stage of sleep (restorative)
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pons
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The __ contains cranial nerve nuclei and marks the transition from brain to spinal cord
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medulla
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responsible for regulating Heartbeat, digestion, BP, respiration, coughing, vomiting
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medulla
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the main area affected with overdose
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medulla
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regulates sleep and arousal (person slips into coma when damaged)
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Reticular formation
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part of the basal ganglia (if damaged ie parkisons, there is uncontrollable motor movment)
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Substantia nigra
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communicates with motoneurons of the spinal cord
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Red Nucleus
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where pain information is transmitted
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Periaqueductal gray
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the substantia nigra, red nuclei, and periaqueductal gray make up the __
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Midbrain motor system
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the superior and inferior colliculi make up the
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midbrain sensory system
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process visual information
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fuperior colliculi
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process auditory information
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inferior colliculi
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together, the superior and inferior make up the
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tectum
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lets us coordinate visula and auditory information together
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tectum
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made up of the thalamus and hypothalamus of teh diencephalon
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the forebrain
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the sensory hub of the brain: regulates body timp, salt/water balance, thirst, energy , metabolism, reproductive behavior, and emotional responses, connects with glands that control the autonomic nervous system (ie pituitary gland)
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hypothalamus
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in the forebrain, information must pass through the __ to be sorted through
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thalamus
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develops after thalamus and hypothalamus, contains basal ganglia, limbic system, and cerebral cortex
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telencephalon
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located deep within the cerebral hemispheres, coordinates movment, affected by huntingtons disease
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basal ganglia
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participates in laeraning and emotion, located in teh center of teh cortex, coordinates and regulates our emotions, made up of amygdala, hippocampus, and fornix
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the limbic system
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|
teh hippocampus and fornix are associated with __
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memory
|
|
the cingulated gyrus is associated with __
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attention
|
|
the brain is dominated by __
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two cerebral hemispheres
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the cerebral cortex is connected by the __ and __ (allows for communication between two hemispheres
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corpus callosum and anterior commissure
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grooves in teh brain
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sulcus
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ridges in the brain
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gyrus
|
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serve to increase surface area of the brain
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sulcui and gyri
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lobes of the cortex
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frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
|
|
the area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements
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motor cortex
|
|
recieves informationfrom skin surface and sense organs
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sensory cortex
|
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type of synapse where: • Axon terminal forms synapse with dendrite of receiving molecule
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axo-dendritic
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typ of synapse where: axon forms synapse with the cell body
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axo-somatic
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synapse where: the axon forms synapse with antoher axon
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axo-axonic
|
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when synapses between tow axons modulate the amount of neurotransmitters released (increase or decrease), may enhance, reduce, or prolong the action of a neurotransmitter
|
Neuromodulation
|
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type of synapse where: the synapse is formed by two dendrites
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dendro-dendritic
|
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what is the sequence of transmission of an action potential? (7 steps)
|
1. action potential travels down teh axon to the axon terminal 2. voltage gated calcium channels open and calcium ions (Ca2+) enter 3. synaptic vesicles fuse with membrane and release transmitter into the synaptic cleft 4. transmitters bind to postsynaptic receptors and cause an ESPS or IPSP 5. EPSP's or IPSP's spread toward the postsynaptic axon hillock 6. tranmitter is inactivated or removed 7. tranmitter may activate presynaptic autoreceptors, decreasing release
|
|
kinds of classical neurotransmitters: (3)
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amino acids, monoamines, acetylcholine
|
|
types of nonclassical neurotransmitters (3)
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neuropeptides, lipids, gases (NO)
|
|
volume trasmission vs wiring/ synaptic transmission are kinds of __
|
neuromodulation
|
|
when a wave of __ reaches the axon terminals, voltage gated Ca2+ open and Ca2+ rushes into the cell
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depolarization
|
|
Ca2+ channels are located in active zones of the __
|
terminal buttons
|
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process of membrane connecting with vesicle, popping, it and releasing the neurotranmitters
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Exocytosis
|
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process in which vesicles get recycled
|
Endocytosis
|
|
ligands have two categories:
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endogenous (anything made inside the body naturally), and exogenous (anthing made ouside the body drugs toxins)
|
|
two ways receptors control ion channels
|
ionotrophic, metabotropic
|
|
a ligand gated receptor, when the neurotransmitter binds and they open
|
ionotrophic
|
|
when proteins or first messengers somtimes open channels or may activate another chemical to affect ion channels
|
metabotropic
|
|
the rapid breakdown and inactivati nof transmitter by an enzyme ie acyetalchoine esterase
|
Degradation
|
|
when the transmitter is taken up into the presynaptic cell
|
Reuptake
|
|
Neurotransmitters release is regulated by:
|
Rate of neuron fireing, probablilty that vesivle will undergo exocytosis, Autoreceptors
|
|
receptors for the same transmitter released by the neuron
|
Autoreceptors
|
|
on cell bodies or dendrites, slow down rate of firing, reduces amount of neurotransmitter release
|
Somatodendritic
|
|
monitor NT released by other neurons surrounding it
|
Heteroautoreceptors
|
|
Drug that act as a __ can increase the rate of synthesis
|
NT precursor
|
|
a drug that inhibits synthesis enzyme __
|
Reduces levels of NT
|
|
bacterial toxin blocks transmitter release at neuromuscular junctions, causing paralysis
|
Botulism
|
|
when drugs block enzymes for breakdown, they __ NT action
|
enhance
|
|
when a drug acts as an __, it mimics NT effect on receptor
|
agonist
|
|
when a drug acts as an__, it inhibits the effect of a NT on the receptor
|
antagonist
|
|
functional and structural synaptic changes
|
Synaptic plasticity
|
|
__ are packaged in vesicles
|
classical NT
|
|
__ are not packaged in vesicles
|
nonclassical NT
|
|
amino acid NT that is predominatly EPSP
|
glutamate
|
|
amino acid NT that it predominatly IPSP
|
CABA, glycine
|
|
catecholamine that is predominantly IPSP
|
Dopamine
|
|
catecholamine that is predominantly EPSP
|
norepinephrine
|
|
catecholamine that is predominantly both IPSP and EPSP
|
epinephrine
|
|
indoleamine that is predominatly IPSP
|
seratonin
|
|
cholinergic that is both IPSP and EPSP
|
ACh
|
|
the path of monoamine synthesis is __ --> __ --> __
|
substrate, enzyme, product
|
|
classical kind of NT, catecholamines and serotonin, modified amino acid
|
monoamines
|
|
__ NT stay in the synapse much longer
|
nonclassical
|
|
the major excitatory neurotransmitter, a precursor for GABA, responsible for neural communication, memory formation, learning, and regulation
|
glutamate
|
|
__ transmission uses 3 types of receptors (AMPA most common, kainate, and NMDA)
|
glutamatergic
|
|
in glutamatergic transmission, __ is the most common and implicated in activity and coordination
|
AMPA
|
|
the overstimulation of CLU receptors, neural injury such as stoke may cuase excess release of glutamate which is toxic to neurons
|
excitotoxicity
|
|
the main inhibitory neurotransmitter, long term potentiation
|
GABA
|
|
NT: Agonists: valium, potent tranquilizers, antagonists: produce seizures
|
GABA
|
|
NT implicated in memory, reward, and cognition, implicated in disorders including schizophrenia and parkinsons disease
|
dopamine
|
|
a dopamine pathway that originates in teh midbrain specifcally the substantia nigra, and innervates the striatum
|
mesostriatal pathway
|
|
a dopamine pathway that originates in teh midbrain in the ventral tegental area (VTA) and projects to the limbic system and cortex
|
mesolimbocortical DA pathway
|
|
NT: agonists: activate behavior, antagonists: cause sedation/catalepsy
|
dopamine
|
|
NT that modulates processes including mood, arousal, and sexual behavior, involved in stress and ecision making, known as noradrenaline, metabotropic
|
norepinephrine
|
|
__ adrenoreceptors produce cognitive enhancing effects while __ helps with memory consolidation
|
alpha 2, beta 2
|
|
NT implicated in sleep, mood, sexual behavior, and anxiety, 5-HT, happiness hormone
|
serotonin
|
|
NT: agonists: produces hallucinations in humans, reduce headaches, antagonists: relief from nausea
|
serotonin
|
|
transmitter at the neuromuscular junction connecting motor nerves to muscles, borken down by acetylcholinesterase, loss of these neurons seen in alzheimers disease
|
acetylcholine
|
|
kind of Ach receptor in which most are ionotrophic and exciatory, muscles use these
|
nicotinic
|
|
kind of Ach receptor that is metabotropic and can be excitatory or inhibiotry
|
muscarinic
|
|
plant compound that works on Ach system as an antagonist (causes paralysis)
|
curare
|
|
chemicals synthesized by teh endocrine glands that are secreted in teh bloodstream
|
hormones
|
|
hormone: increases heart rate and feelings of excitement during emergnecy situations
|
epinephrine
|
|
male sex hormone and anabolic steroid
|
testosterone
|
|
"love" hormone
|
oxytocin
|
|
hormone that aids in controlling glucose levels in the blood
|
insulin
|
|
hormone released as a stress response
|
cortisol
|
|
Ach is always __ in skeletal muscle
|
excitatory
|
|
reduced levels of __ in some brain areas noted in alzheimers patients
|
Ach
|
|
__ mimics Ach in teh brain triggering the release of exitatory hormones such as epinphrin and norepinephrine as well as dopamine
|
nicotine
|
|
Ach receptors at skeletal muscle can be blocked by __
|
curare
|
|
reduction in # of Ach receptors at skeletal muscle causes __
|
myasthenia gravis
|
|
released in teh fight or flight response
|
NE
|
|
the bodies natural opiates
|
endorphins
|
|
the pain NT
|
substance P
|
|
__ decreases serotonin levels causing you to have poor judgment, act irrationally, stat fights, act stupid etc
|
alcohol
|