Psych 1 Exam 3

Front 1

Theory stating that dreaming occurs when the cerebral cortex synthesizes neural signals generated from activity in the lower part of the brain.

Back 1

activation-synthesis theory

Front 2

Either a physical or a psychological dependence, or both, on a drug.

Back 2

addiction

Front 3

A disorder that involves long-term, repeated, uncontrolled, compulsive, and excessive use of alcoholic beverages and that impairs the drinker's health and social relationships.

Back 3

alcoholism

Front 4

States of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities.

Back 4

automatic processes

Front 5

Depressant drugs that decrease the activity of the central nervous system.

Back 5

barbiturates

Front 6

Periodic physiological fluctuations in the body.

Back 6

biological rhythms

Front 7

A daily behavioral or physiological cycle, such as the sleep/wake cycle.

Back 7

circadian rhythm

Front 8

Theory proposing that dreaming can be understood by applying the same cognitive concepts that are used in studying the waking mind.

Back 8

cognitive theory of dreaming

Front 9

Awareness of external events and internal sensations, including awareness of the self and thoughts about one's experiences; this awareness occurs under a condition of arousal.

Back 9

consciousness

Front 10

The most alert states of consciousness.

Back 10

controlled processes

Front 11

Psychoactive drugs that slow down mental and physical activity.

Back 11

depressants

Front 12

Psychoactive drugs that modify a person's perceptual experiences and produce visual images that are not real.

Back 12

Hallucinogens

Front 13

An altered state of consciousness or simply a psychological state of altered attention and expectation, in which the individual is unusually receptive to suggestions.

Back 13

hypnosis

Front 14

Opium and its derivatives; they depress the central nervous system's activity.

Back 14

opiates

Front 15

The physiological need for a drug, accompanied by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms, such as pain and craving, when the drug is discontinued.

Back 15

physical dependence

Front 16

Substances that act on the nervous system to alter consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods.

Back 16

psychoactive drugs

Front 17

The strong desire to repeat the use of a drug for emotional reasons, such as a feeling of well-being and stress reduction.

Back 17

psychological dependence

Front 18

Rapid eye movement sleep; stage 5 of sleep, in which dreaming occurs.

Back 18

REM sleep

Front 19

Perspective that views hypnosis as a normal state in which the hypnotized person behaves the way he or she believes a hypnotized person should behave.

Back 19

social cognitive behavior view of hypnosis

Front 20

Psychoactive drugs that increase the central nervous system's activity.

Back 20

stimulants

Front 21

James's concept that the mind is a continuous flow of changing sensations, images, thoughts, and feelings.

Back 21

stream of consciousness

Front 22

A small structure in the brain that synchronizes its own rhythm with the daily cycle of light and dark based on input from the retina.

Back 22

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Front 23

The need to take increasing amounts of a drug to produce the same effect.

Back 23

tolerance

Front 24

Depressant drugs that reduce anxiety and induce relaxation.

Back 24

tranquilizers

Front 25

Freud's concept of a reservoir of unacceptable wishes, feelings, and thoughts that are beyond conscious awareness.

Back 25

unconscious thought

Front 26

involves controlled processing, in which individuals actively focus their efforts on attaining a goal; the most alert state of consciousness

Back 26

higher-level consciousness

Front 27

includes automatic processing that requires little attention, as well as daydreaming

Back 27

lower-level consciousness

Front 28

can be produced by drugs, trauma, fatigue, possibly hypnosis, and sensory deprivation

Back 28

alerted states of consciousness

Front 29

can occur when people are awake as well as when they are sleeping and dreaming

Back 29

subconscious awareness

Front 30

frued's belief that some unconscious thoughts are too laden with anxiety and other negative emotions for consciousness to admit them

Back 30

no awareness

Front 31

state of low-level consciousness that lies between active consciousness and dreaming

Back 31

daydreaming

Front 32

mental states that are noticeably different from normal awareness

Back 32

altered states of consiousness

Front 33

the subconscious processing that leads to a solution to a problem after a break from conscious thought about the problem

Back 33

incubation

Front 34

a term that applies to someone who has been knocked out by a blow or anesthetized or who has fallen into a deep, prolonged unconscious state

Back 34

unconscious

Front 35

a natural state of rest for the body and mind that involves the reversible loss of consciousness

Back 35

sleep

Front 36

when biological clocks are thrown off their regular schedules they are __

Back 36

desynchronized

Front 37

sleep is essential for __

Back 37

survival

Front 38

the evolutionary prespective theory states that sleep may have developed becuase animals needed to __

Back 38

protect themselves at night

Front 39

a second theory states that sleep may be __

Back 39

a way to conserve energy

Front 40

a third theory states that sleep may be __ to the brain and body

Back 40

restorative

Front 41

sleep may aid in the brains __

Back 41

plasticity

Front 42

high frequency brain waves that reflect concentration and alertness

Back 42

beta waves

Front 43

beta waves are more __ than other waves

Back 43

desynchronous

Front 44

lower-frequency brain wave patterns associated with being relaxed or drowsy

Back 44

alpha waves

Front 45

characterized by drowsy sleep. light sleep lasting up to 10 min; includes theta waves (low frequency, low amplitude)

Back 45

stage 1 sleep

Front 46

sudden muscle movements that a person may experience during stage 1 sleep

Back 46

myoclonic jerks

Front 47

EEGs of individuals in stage 1 are characterized by __ waves

Back 47

theta

Front 48

deeper sleep where muscle activity decreases, and the person is no longer aware of the enviornment characterized by occasional "sleep spindles" (brief high-frequency waves), lasting up to 20 minutes

Back 48

stage 2 sleep

Front 49

a sudden increase in wave frequency seen in stage 2 sleep

Back 49

sleep spindles

Front 50

progressively more muscle relaxation and emergence of delta waves (slower); lasts up to 40 minutes

Back 50

stage 3 sleep

Front 51

the slowest and highest amplitude brain waves during sleep

Back 51

delta waves

Front 52

stage 3 and 4 sleep are referred to as __ sleep

Back 52

delta

Front 53

deep sleep when sleeper is difficult to rouse; delta waves--large, slow brain waves--occur

Back 53

stage 4 sleep

Front 54

after going through stages 1-4, sleepers drift up through the sleep stages toward wakefullness but instead of reentering stage 1 they go to __

Back 54

REM sleep

Front 55

stages 1-4 of sleep are referred to as __

Back 55

non-REM sleep

Front 56

REM stand for __

Back 56

Rapid Eye Movment

Front 57

a normal sleep cycle is going through the 5 stages of sleep __

Back 57

once

Front 58

once sleep cycle lasts __ minutes

Back 58

90-100

Front 59

you go through __ sleep cycles a night

Back 59

several

Front 60

the amount of deep sleep (stages 3 and 4) is much greater in the __ of a nights sleep

Back 60

first half

Front 61

most REM sleep occurs toward the __ of a nights sleep when REM stage becomes progressively longer

Back 61

end

Front 62

the nights first REM stage might last for __ min, but the final REM stage might continue for as long as an __

Back 62

10, hour

Front 63

during a normal night of sleep, individuals will spend about __% of sleep in light sleep (stages 1 and 2), __% in delta or deep sleep, and __% in REM sleep

Back 63

60, 20, 20

Front 64

the average amount of sleep decreases with __

Back 64

age

Front 65

in all vertebrates, the __ plays a crucial role in sleep and arousal

Back 65

reticular formation

Front 66

the important neurotransmitters in sleep are __, __, and __

Back 66

serotonin, norepinepherine, and acetylcholine

Front 67

as sleep begins, the level of neurotransmitters __

Back 67

drop

Front 68

REM sleep is initiated by a rise in __

Back 68

acetylcholine

Front 69

REM sleep ends when there is a rise in __ and __ which will increase the level of forebrain activity nearly to the awakened state

Back 69

serotonin and norepinepherine

Front 70

the inability to sleep, can involve a problem in falling asleep, waking up during the night, or waking up too early

Back 70

insomnia

Front 71

the formal term for sleepwalking which occurs during the deepest stages of sleep

Back 71

somnambulism

Front 72

somnambulism takes place during stages __ sleep

Back 72

3 and 4

Front 73

sleep talking is called __

Back 73

somniloquy

Front 74

a frightening dream that awakens a dreamer from REM sleep

Back 74

nightmare

Front 75

fetures sudden arousal from sleep and intense fear

Back 75

night terrors

Front 76

sleep disorder involving the sudden, overpowering urge to sleep, they immediatly enter REM sleep rather than progressing through the first four sleep stages

Back 76

narcolepsy

Front 77

a sleep disorder in which individuals stop breathing because the windpipe fails to open or because brain processes involved in respiration fail to work properly

Back 77

sleep apnea

Front 78

a device used to treat sleep apnea

Back 78

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Front 79

the sudden sleep-related death of an infant less than one year old

Back 79

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Front 80

according to freud, the surface content of a dream, containing dream symbols tat disguise the dreams true meaning

Back 80

manifest content

Front 81

according the freud, a dream's hidden content; its unconscious and true meaning

Back 81

latent content

Front 82

when we are awake and alert, our conscious experience tends to be driven by __, which are all the things we see, hear, and respond to

Back 82

external stimulus

Front 83

during sleep, according to the activation-synthesis theory, conscious exerience is driven by __ that have no apparent behavioral consequence

Back 83

internally generated stimuli

Front 84

supporters of the activation-synthesis theory have suggested that neural networks in other areas of teh forebrain play a significant role in __

Back 84

dreaming

Front 85

the reward pathway that is associated with addiction is located in the __ and __

Back 85

ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens

Front 86

refers to an overindulgence in caffeine

Back 86

caffenism

Front 87

upper, stimulant drugs that people use to boost energy, stay awake, or lose weight.

Back 87

amphetamines

Front 88

an illegal drug that comes to the coca plant, native to bolivia and peru

Back 88

cocaine

Front 89

MDMA is the scentific name for __

Back 89

ecstasy

Front 90

the dried leaves and flowers of the hemp plant Cannabis sativa, which originated in cental asia but in now grown in most parts of the world

Back 90

marijuana

Front 91

a hallucinogen that even in low doses produces striking perceptual changes

Back 91

LSD

Front 92

4 steps to hypnosis

Back 92

1. minimize distractions
2. tell person to concentrate on something specific
3. informs person what to expect
4. suggests certain events or feelings

Front 93

the extent to which a persons responses are changed by being hypnotized

Back 93

hypnotizability

Front 94

hilgard's view that hypnosis involves a splitting of consciousness into two seperate components, one of which follows the hypnotists;s commands and other of which acts as a "hidden observer"

Back 94

divided consciousnee view of hypnosis

Front 95

attaining a peaceful state of mind in which thoughts are not occupied by worry

Back 95

meditation

Front 96

a technique practiced by yoga enthusiasts and Buddhist monks

Back 96

mindfulness meditation

Front 97

an overwhelming feeling of wellness right before you fall asleep

Back 97

hypnagogic reverie

Front 98

The initial learning of the stimulus–response link, which involves a neutral stimulus being associated with an unconditioned stimulus and becoming the conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response.

Back 98

acquisition (classical conditioning)

Front 99

The application of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior

Back 99

applied behavior analysis (behavior modification)

Front 100

Learning in which a connection, or an association, is made between two events.

Back 100

associative learning

Front 101

A theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of such mental activity as thinking, wishing, and hoping.

Back 101

behaviorism

Front 102

Learning by which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

Back 102

classical conditioning

Front 103

The learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after the pairing of a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

Back 103

conditioned response (CR)

Front 104

A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits the conditioned response after being associated with the unconditioned stimulus.

Back 104

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Front 105

A classical conditioning procedure for weakening a conditioned response by associating the fear-provoking stimulus with a new response that is incompatible with the fear.

Back 105

counterconditioning

Front 106

The process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not to others.

Back 106

discrimination (classical conditioning)

Front 107

The tendency to respond to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced.

Back 107

discrimination (operant conditioning)

Front 108

The weakening of the conditioned response in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus.

Back 108

extinction (classical conditioning)

Front 109

The situation where, because a previously reinforced behavior is no longer reinforced, there is a decreased tendency to perform the behavior.

Back 109

extinction (operant conditioning)

Front 110

The tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.

Back 110

generalization (classical conditioning)

Front 111

The tendency to give the same response to similar stimuli.

Back 111

generalization (operant conditioning)

Front 112

A form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of the problem's solution.

Back 112

insight learning

Front 113

The tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning.

Back 113

instinctive drift

Front 114

Unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior

Back 114

latent learning (implicit learning)

Front 115

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened, whereas behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened.

Back 115

law of effect

Front 116

The phenomenon of learning through experience that outcomes are not controllable.

Back 116

learned helplessness

Front 117

A relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.

Back 117

learning

Front 118

A behavior decreases when a positive stimulus is removed from it.

Back 118

negative punishment

Front 119

Following a behavior with the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus to increase the frequency of the behavior.

Back 119

negative reinforcement

Front 120

Learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior; also called imitation or modeling.

Back 120

observational learning

Front 121

Also called instrumental conditioning; a form of learning

Back 121

operant conditioning

Front 122

A behavior decreases when it is followed by an unpleasant stimulus.

Back 122

positive punishment

Front 123

Following a behavior with a rewarding stimulus to increase the frequency of the behavior.

Back 123

positive reinforcement

Front 124

The species-specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others.

Back 124

preparedness

Front 125

The use of reinforcers that are innately satisfying.

Back 125

primary reinforcement

Front 126

A consequence that decreases the likelihood a behavior will occur.

Back 126

punishment

Front 127

The process by which a stimulus or an event strengthens or increases the probability of a behavior or an event that it follows.

Back 127

reinforcement

Front 128

Timetables that determine when a behavior will be reinforced.

Back 128

schedules of reinforcement

Front 129

The use of reinforcers that are learned or conditioned.

Back 129

secondary reinforcement

Front 130

Rewarding approximations of a desired behavior.

Back 130

shaping

Front 131

The process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay without further conditioning.

Back 131

spontaneous recovery

Front 132

An unlearned response that is automatically elicited by an unconditioned stimulus.

Back 132

unconditioned response (UCR)

Front 133

A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning.

Back 133

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Front 134

the process of learning these associations

Back 134

conditioning

Front 135

automatic stimulus-response connections

Back 135

reflexes

Front 136

the recovery of the conditions response when the organism is placed in a novel context

Back 136

renewal

Front 137

a form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus

Back 137

aversive conditionsing

Front 138

a special kind of classical conditioning involving the learned association between a particular tste and nausea

Back 138

taste aversion

Front 139

decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations

Back 139

habituation

Front 140

behavior that occurs in automatic response to a stimulus such as a nausea producing drug

Back 140

resondent behavior

Front 141

the behavior of the organism

Back 141

operant

Front 142

an important aspect of classical conditioning in which the occurence of one stimulus can be predicted from the presence of one another

Back 142

contingency

Front 143

an organisms learning that it can altogether avoid a negative stimulus by making a particular reponse

Back 143

avoidance learning

Front 144

reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors

Back 144

fixed-ratio schedule

Front 145

a timetable in which behaviors are rewarded an average number of times but on an unpredicatble basis

Back 145

variable-ratio schedule

Front 146

reinforces the first behavior after a fixed amount of time has passed

Back 146

fixed-interval schedule

Front 147

a timetable in which a behavior is reinforced after a variable amount of time has elapsed

Back 147

variable-interval schedule

Front 148

learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates behvior

Back 148

obervational learning

Front 149

4 main processes involved in observational learning according to Bandura

Back 149

1. attention
2. retention
3. motor reproduction
4. reinforcement

Front 150

E C Tolman's idea that much of behabior is goal directed

Back 150

purposivness of behavior

Front 151

culture can inluence the __ of learning and the __ to which learning processes are used

Back 151

content, degree

Front 152

the way our beliefs about ability dicate what goals we set for ourselves, what we think we can learn, and ultimately what we do learn

Back 152

midset

Front 153

a mindset in which peopel believe that their qualities are carved in stone and cannort change

Back 153

fixed mindset

Front 154

a mindset in which people believe their qualities can change and improve through their effort

Back 154

growth mindset

Front 155

effective stategies for developing a growth mindset

Back 155

-understand that your intelligence and thinking skills are not fixed but can change
-become passionate about learning and stretch your mind in challenging situations
-think about the growth mindsets of people you admire

Front 156

what can a rat tell us about stress?

Back 156

-predictablility
-control
-improvement
-outlets for frustration

Front 157

a phrase that refers to individual's understanding that they and others think, feel, perceive, and have private experiences

Back 157

theory of mind

Front 158

what is used to see if a child has developed the "theory of mind"?

Back 158

false belief test

Front 159

cocaine affects __ uptake pumps

Back 159

dopamine

Front 160

__ was a famous psychologist who championed LSD as a miracle treatment.

Back 160

timothy leary

Front 161

__ showed classical conditioning in dogs.

Back 161

pavlov

Front 162

__ conducted the "little albert" study on fear and generalization

Back 162

B. Watson

Front 163

__ worked with cats in a puzzle box to prove the law of effect

Back 163

Thorndike

Front 164

__ is an important neurotransmitter in reward

Back 164

dopmaine

Front 165

__ studied observational learning, ie imitation/modeling

Back 165

Bandura

Front 166

__ emphasized the purposiveness of behavior

Back 166

E. C. Tolman

Front 167

__ studied insight learning in chimps

Back 167

kohler

Front 168

What is the minimum number of hours of sleep that is usually needed for healthy functioning?

Back 168

8 hours

Front 169

Which neurotransmitter is most associated with REM sleep?

Back 169

acetylcholine

Front 170

Night terrors occur during __, while nightmares occur during __

Back 170

non-REM sleep, REM sleep

Front 171

Which neurotransmitter is most affected by alcohol?

Back 171

GABA

Front 172

__ has health benefits.

Back 172

Meditation

Front 173

thinking about thinking

Back 173

metacognition

Front 174

Many individuals who are blind have problems with their __.

Back 174

circadian rhythms

Front 175

the two parts of cognition are __ and __

Back 175

awareness and arousal

Front 176

__ used the "bobo" doll in the experiment

Back 176

bandura

Front 177

Classical conditioning focuses on __, while operant conditioning focuses on __

Back 177

involuntary responses, voluntary behaviors

Front 178

states that more probable behaviors will reinforce less probable behavior

Back 178

premacks principle

Front 179

The time interval between an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus is referred to as the __

Back 179

contiguity

Front 180

A child is given a gold star when she does well in class. At the end of the week, she can exchange the stars she has earned for treats. The gold star is a(n) __

Back 180

token reinforcer

Front 181

You are able to give a friend directions to your house because you have developed a(n) __

Back 181

cognitive map

Front 182

who discovered the principle of learned helplessness with dogs?

Back 182

sieglman