Psychopharmacology Exam 3

Front 1

opioid drugs all belong to the class known as __

Back 1

narcotic analgesics

Front 2

reduce all sensations by depressing the central nervous system and produce unconsciousness

Back 2

anesthetics

Front 3

opium is an extract of the __

Back 3

poppy plant

Front 4

created by an english physician thomas sydenham, included "2 ounces of strianed opoium"used for teething pain and restlessness in infancts

Back 4

laudanum

Front 5

required physicians to report their prescriptions for opoiods; limited prescripitons to medical use making it illegal to provide opioids for addicted individuals or recreational use

Back 5

the Harrison Narcotics Act (1914)

Front 6

the principal ingredient in opium was called __

Back 6

morphine

Front 7

why was german chemist Friedrich Wilhelm Serturner's method of extracting morphine crystals from the milky juice of teh poppy seed capsule important to psychopharmacology

Back 7

it was the first time the active ingredient of any medicinal plant was ioslated

Front 8

the naturally occurring opiate __ is identical in structure to morphine except for the substitution of of a methoxy for a hydroxyl group. This small molecular difference produces a drug that has less analgesic effect and fewer side efects than morphine but is still a potent cough suppressant

Back 8

codeine

Front 9

invented by the Bayer Company to be more effective in relieving pain without the danger of addiction

Back 9

heroin

Front 10

__ is 2-4x more potenet than morpine beause when injected, it travels faster due to a change in the molecule that makes he drug more lipid soluble and allows it to get into the brain much more quickly

Back 10

heroin

Front 11

when taken orally, morphine and heroin have __

Back 11

equal potency

Front 12

some modifications to morphines molecular structure produces __ which are drugs that bind readily to the receptors but produce less biological effect

Back 12

partial agonists

Front 13

when administered alone, partial opioid agonists produce __

Back 13

partial opioid effects

Front 14

when given along iwth an opioid that has a higher effectiveness, partial opioid antagonists __

Back 14

compete for the receptor and subsequently reduce the action of the more effective drug

Front 15

kinds of drugs that have structures similar to those of the opiates but produce no pharmacological activiy of their own

Back 15

pure antagonists

Front 16

two kinds of pure opioid antagonists

Back 16

naloxone and nalorphine

Front 17

can prevent or reverse the effect of administered opiods because tf their ability to occupy opioid receptor sites

Back 17

opioid receptor antagonists

Front 18

when morphoine is administered for medical purposes, it is usually __ or __

Back 18

injected intramuscularly, given orally

Front 19

methods of administration for opioids in recreational users (4)

Back 19

smoking, snorting, subcutaneous skin popping, injections

Front 20

__ easily passes through the placental barrier

Back 20

opioids

Front 21

At __ doses of opioids, pain is relieved, repirationis somewhat depressed, and pupils are contricted

Back 21

low to moderate doses (5-10 mg)

Front 22

opiods have thier most important effects on teh __ and __ systems

Back 22

central nervous, gastrointestinal

Front 23

because opioids have actions in teh __, some researchers suggest that the drugs relieve "psychological pain" including anxity, feelings of inadequacy, and hostility, which may lead to increased drug use

Back 23

limbic system

Front 24

morphines affect on teh chemical trigger zone (__) in teh brainstem elicits nausea and vomiting

Back 24

area postrema

Front 25

__ is the ultimate cuase of death in an opioid overdose

Back 25

respiratory failure

Front 26

opiods are still one of the most imporatnt lifesaving drugs because of its ability to __

Back 26

cause constipation and stop fluid loss assocaited with diarrhea

Front 27

opioid receptors were labled via __

Back 27

radioactive ligands

Front 28

four opiod receptor subtypes

Back 28

mu, delta, kappa, and NOP-R

Front 29

the __ receptor has a high affinity for morpihine and related opiod drugs, have a wide distirbution in the brain and spinal cord, and play a rol ein morphine induced analgesia and positive reinforcement

Back 29

mu

Front 30

A type of opioid receptor primarily in the forebrain that may help regulate olfaction, motor integration, reinforcement, and cognitive function.

Back 30

delta receptors

Front 31

An opioid receptor located in the striatum, amygdala, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland that may help regulate pain, perception, gut motility, dysphoria, water balance, hunger, temperature, and neuroendocrine function.

Back 31

kappa

Front 32

opioid receptor that is widely distibuted, plas a role in analgeisa, feeding learing, motor function, and neuroendocrine regulation

Back 32

NOP-R

Front 33

opioid receptors mediate __ responses

Back 33

metabotropic

Front 34

group of endogenous opioid peptides in teh brain that stimulate mu and elta opioid receptors, reducing pain and enhancing ones general mood

Back 34

endorphins

Front 35

one of the four large opioid propeptide precursors that are broken down by proteases to form smaller active opioids (DYNORPHINS) in the barin

Back 35

prodynorphin

Front 36

one of the four large opioid propeptide precursors that are broken down by proteases to form smaller active opioids (ENKEPHALINS) in teh brain

Back 36

proenkephalin

Front 37

one of the four large opioid propeptide precursors that are broken down by proteases to form smaller active opioids (NOCICEPTIN, ORPHANIN FQ) in teh brain

Back 37

pronociceptin/orphanin FQ

Front 38

one of the four large opioid propeptide precursors that are broken down by proteases to form smaller active opioids (ENDORPHINS) in teh brain

Back 38

pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)

Front 39

a group of endogenous opiod peptides in the CNS that selectively bind to the mu opioid receptor and eliminate pain; are as potent as morphine in reducing pain

Back 39

endomorphins

Front 40

mapping of the pathways utilizing the endogenous opioids was achieved by __ to visualize propetide mRNA, and __ to localize the propetide itself

Back 40

in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry

Front 41

__ receptor signaling in particulaur seems to modify the preference or liking of some foods over others

Back 41

mu

Front 42

the overall effects of the neuropeptides on nerve cell function include the __ and subsequent __ and __

Back 42

reduction of membrane excitability, slowing of cell firing, inhibition of neurotransmitter release

Front 43

three principal ways that neuropeptides reduce synaptic transmission:

Back 43

1. postynaptic inhibition; 2. axoaxonic inhibition; 3. presynaptic autoreceptors

Front 44

networks of free nerve endings that are sensitive to intense presure, extreme temperature including heat and cold, eletrical impulses, cuts, chemical irritants, and inflammation

Back 44

nociceptors

Front 45

early pain signals go to primary and secondary __

Back 45

somatosensory

Front 46

the __ and other limbic areas are especially activated by late pain information

Back 46

anterior cingulte cortex

Front 47

represents the immediate sensory component of pain and signals the onset of a noxious stimulus and its precise location to cause immediate withdrawl and escape from the damaging stimulus

Back 47

first (early) pain

Front 48

kind of pain that has a strong emotional component, that is, the unpleasantness of the sensation

Back 48

second (late) pain

Front 49

adaptation occurs more slowly to the __ component of pain so it attracts our attention in prolonged fashion to motivate behaviors that limit further damage and aid recovery

Back 49

secondary

Front 50

__ is less localized and is moften acompanied by autonomic responses such as sweating, fallin BP, or nausea

Back 50

late pain

Front 51

__ pain is temporally related to activation of the primary somatosensory cortex

Back 51

first

Front 52

__ pain is strongly associated with the anterior cingulate activation

Back 52

second

Front 53

3 ways in which opioids regulate pain

Back 53

1. within the spinal cord by small inhibitory interneurons 2. two significant descending pathways originating in the periaqueductal gray 3. at many higher brain sites, explains teh effects on emotional and hormonal aspects of the pain response

Front 54

two ways in which opioids reduce the transmission of pain signals at the spinal cord

Back 54

1. small inhibitory spinal interneurons release endorphins that inhibit the activation of the spinal projection neruons


2. endorphins either directly inhibit the projecting neuron, the excitiatory neuron, or excite the inhibitory opioid neuron

Front 55

bundles of nerve fibers originating at higher brain regions that influence lower brain or spinal cord function. one arises from the PAG in teh midbrain and inluences pain signals carried by the spinal cord neurons

Back 55

descending modulatory pathways

Front 56

the most important descending pathways begin in teh __

Back 56

PAG

Front 57

a brain area rich in endogenous opioid peptides and high concentrations of opioid receptors particularly mu and kappa

Back 57

PAG

Front 58

treatment of chronic pain in human patients with electrical stimulation of the __

Back 58

PAG

Front 59

acupuncture reases __ that have widespread effects in teh brain and gastrointestinal system

Back 59

endogenous opioids

Front 60

pain is the emotional component carried by __ fibers and transmitted to the thalamus with collaterals to limbic areas including the anterior cingulate

Back 60

C

Front 61

a gene therapy clinical tria showed that the gene coding for __ carried by an HSV viral vecotr reduced pain in patients with cancer with minimal side effects

Back 61

proenkephalin

Front 62

the fact that morphine and othe ropioids lower the __ for self-stimulation indicates that the drugs enhance the brain reward system

Back 62

electrical current theshold

Front 63

the endogenous opioid __ is self administered, which storngly suggests that it mediats opioid reinforcement

Back 63

Beta-endorphin

Front 64

two methods used to identify teh neurobiology of opioid reinforcement

Back 64

1. self admininstration of opioid ligands microinjected into discrete brain areas is evaluated. 2. selective lesions identify brain areas and neurotransmitter pathways that eliminate opioid induced reinforcement

Front 65

__ studies from many laboratories demonstrate the contribution of the dopaminergic mesolimbic pathway to opioid reinforcement

Back 65

microinjection

Front 66

tolerance to the analgesic effect of opoioids is __, but the consitpaitng effects and pinopoint pupils __

Back 66

rapid, occurs even after prolonged use

Front 67

__ has a cross tolerance with heroin

Back 67

codeine

Front 68

selective agonists for a receptor reduce the effectivenss of the __

Back 68

same kind of receptor

Front 69

most tolerance to opioids is baed on __

Back 69

changes in nerve cells that compensate for the presence of chronic opoioids (pharmacodynamic tolerance

Front 70

in some circumstances, repeated exposure to poioids causes the __ of a drug to increase via sensitization

Back 70

cracing

Front 71

since opoioids in general depress CNS function, we consider opoioid withdrawlal wot be __

Back 71

rebound hyperactivity

Front 72

the five factors affecting howl ong withdrawal symptoms last

Back 72

drugs used, dosage, freuquency, duratinof drug use, health and personality of the addict

Front 73

the longer the duration of action of the opoioid, the more __

Back 73

prolonged is the abstinence syndrome

Front 74

the point at which abstinence signs end

Back 74

detoxification

Front 75

the __ and __ are particularly senstivie to opioid antagonists in terms of precipitating the physiological aspects of withdrawal.

Back 75

locus coeruleus and the PAG

Front 76

the __ may be important in teh aversive stimulus effects or motivational aspect of opoid withdrawal

Back 76

NAcc

Front 77

a semisynthetic opioid that works in a manner similar to morphine

Back 77

oxycontin

Front 78

the fact that oxycontin __ encourages teh injectin of the drug which increases the subjective effects but also increases the dangers of overdose and medical prolems associated with needle use

Back 78

readily dissolves in water

Front 79

__ is a slow release oxycodone that is surrounded by a hard gelatin capsule that prevents tampering or the removal of teh drug with a needle

Back 79

remoxy

Front 80

an immediate-release oxycodone that also contains niacin that produces flushing and otehr unpleasant effects if the durg is taken in higher that prescribed doeses. it comes as a gel to prevent use by inhalation

Back 80

acurox with niacin

Front 81

himmelsbachs theroitical model of tolerance and withdrawal staes that the nervous system __ so tolerance devleops but if the drug is suddenly withdrawn, the __

Back 81

adapts to teh disturbing presensce of a drug, the adaptive mechanism continues to function causeing a rebound in phyiological effects

Front 82

a perosn who can inject any substance and achieve some measure of the "high" associated with drug taking

Back 82

needle freak

Front 83

environmental cues acting as secondary reinforcers, may act as __ that promote drug taking becasue they remind the individual of how the drug feels

Back 83

primers

Front 84

often referred to as going "cold turkey"

Back 84

unassisted detoxification

Front 85

opoioid detoxification may be assisted by teh administration of a long acting opioid drug like __ which reduces symptoms to a comfortable level

Back 85

methadone

Front 86

an alpha 2 adrenergic agonist that stimulate autoreceptors and inhibits noradrenergic cell firing. it is used to reduce symptoms of opioid withdrawal after methadone

Back 86

clonidine

Front 87

__ can be used for opoioid treatement when pharmacological intervnetion is unaviavlable

Back 87

electroacupuncture

Front 88

the most commonly used treatement method for heroin addiction is the __

Back 88

methadone maintenance program

Front 89

one major risk of methadone treatment for opioid abuse is __

Back 89

accidental overdose

Front 90

five reasons that methadone was chosen for use in opioid drug treatment programs for several reasons

Back 90

1. cross-dependence with morphine/heroin prevents withdrawal associated with drug abuse


2. cross tolerance from repeated methadone use reduces eupohric effects of heroin


3. due to oral administration, little to no euphoria is felt but is fully effective in relieving craving for opioids


4. methadone is relatively long acting



5. methadone is considered medically safe even with longterm use

Front 91

an opioid agonist-antagonist used in opioid treatment programs that may be substituted for methadone and yields similar treatment results

Back 91

buprenorphine (Buprenex)

Front 92

buprenorphine can also be taken __ to further reduce its potential for IV use

Back 92

sublingually

Front 93

the most commonly used narcotic antagonists because it has a longer durationof axion than naloxone and is effictive when taken orally

Back 93

naltrexone (trexan)

Front 94

a newer pure opioid antagonists that is similar to naltrexone but more potent and longer lasting

Back 94

Nalmefene (Revex)

Front 95

a method that is effective for highly motivated, have strong family support, and are involved in carrers

Back 95

narcotic antagonists

Front 96

__ are being thought of as a treatment option for opooids by creating antibodies that would bind to drugs and prevent them from entering teh brain

Back 96

vaccines

Front 97

most often, opioid addicts benefit from a __ that includes a combination of detoxification, pharmacological support, and group or individual counseling

Back 97

multidimensional aproach

Front 98

opioid drugs inhibit __ cells, increasing mesolimbic cell firing and DA release in the NAcc.

Back 98

inhibitory GABA

Front 99

a model of the physiological mechanism for tolerance and dependence of opioidsis the compensatory response of cells in teh locus coeruleus to teh acute inhibition of __

Back 99

adenylyl cyclase

Front 100

Condition characterized by unpleasant symptoms when an individual tries to cease drug use.

Back 100

abstinence syndrome

Front 101

Condition in which a drug user undergoing detoxification does not show signs of the abstinence syndrome.

Back 101

detoxified

Front 102

Treatment that involves a combination of methods to prevent drug abuse relapse, including detoxification, pharmacological support, and counseling.

Back 102

multidimensional approach

Front 103

Class of drugs originally derived from the opium poppy that reduce pain but do not cause unconsciousness. They create a feeling of relaxation and sleep in an individual, but in high doses can cause coma or death.

Back 103

narcotic analgesics

Front 104

Nerve cells with short axons within the spinal cord.

Back 104

spinal interneurons

Front 105

Process used to introduce genetic material into a cell by injecting it with a DNA sequence coding for the desired protein product.

Back 105

transfection

Front 106

term that referes to the marked sensorimotor activation that occurs in response to drug administration

Back 106

psychomotor stimulants

Front 107

an alkaloid found in teh leaves of the shrub erythroxylon coca

Back 107

cocaine

Front 108

one of the biggest supporters of the use of cocaine

Back 108

sigmund freud

Front 109

what were the two successful waves of increasing cocaine use in teh US?

Back 109

1. cuased by snorting or IV

2. most recent driven by crack cocaine

Front 110

in teh __ cocaine use by snorting or IV injection increased

Back 110

cocaine

Front 111

__ synthetic cocaine like drugs have been synthesized

Back 111

2

Front 112

the cocaine alkaloid is extracted from coca leaves and tehn converted to a __ and crystallized

Back 112

hydochloride salt (HCL)

Front 113

__ is lipophilic (fat soluble) so it crosses the BBB faster, especially when smoked

Back 113

cocaine

Front 114

people take cocaine and depressants to __

Back 114

"take the edge off"

Front 115

high concentrations of cocaine inhibit __

Back 115

voltage gated Na+ channels in axons

Front 116

in animal models, low doses of cocaine result in increased __, __, and __

Back 116

locomotion, rearing, adn mild sniffing behavior

Front 117

in humans, the preference to cocaine depends on the __ __, and__

Back 117

type of user, dose, and value of the alternative reinforcer

Front 118

cocaine is __, it produces symptoms of sympathetic nervous activation

Back 118

sympathomimetic

Front 119

__ plays the most important role in mediating behavioral responses to cocaine and amphetamine

Back 119

dopamine

Front 120

neurochemical mechanisms of cocaine action have been studed using genetic __

Back 120

knockout mice

Front 121

the nucleus accumbens DA pathway has also been implicated in cocaine reward using paradigms that test for __ as a model of relapse

Back 121

drugs seeking behavior

Front 122

intensity of a cocaine "high" depends on the amount of __, __, and __

Back 122

DAT occupancy, rate of DATE occupancy, and baseline level of DA activity in the mesolimbic pathways

Front 123

there are __ different receptor subtypes of cocaine

Back 123

5

Front 124

passing teh __ prohibited the inclusino of cocaine in teh over teh counter medicines

Back 124

1914 harrison narcotic act

Front 125

WIN 35,428 is a synthetic cocaine structure with a __ attached, RTI-55 has a __

Back 125

F, I

Front 126

one disadvantage to cocaine HCL is its __

Back 126

vulerabilty to heat

Front 127

refres to smoking cocaine that was obtained by dissolving coacine HCL in water, adding an alkaline solution like ammonia, and extracting the resulting cocaine base with an organic solvent like ether

Back 127

freebasing

Front 128

chunks of dried, hardened mixutre of cocaine HCL and backing soda, named for the popping sounds produced when the chunks are heated

Back 128

crack

Front 129

__ is the quickest route of administration for cocaine

Back 129

intravenous

Front 130

in a heavy cocaine user, the major metabolite __ can be detected in teh urine for several days following the last dose

Back 130

benzoylecgonine

Front 131

when taken together, cocaine and alcohol produce a unique metabolite called __

Back 131

cocaethylene

Front 132

cocaethylene has a __ than cocaine

Back 132

longer half life

Front 133

based on in vitro studies using rat brain tissue, cocaine binds most strongly (with highest affinity) to the __ transporter, followed by teh __ transporter, and tehn teh __ transporter

Back 133

5-HT, DA, NE

Front 134

when cocaine is applied locally to a tissues it acts as a local __ by preventing tarnmisson of nerve signals along sensory nerves

Back 134

anesthetic

Front 135

two synthetic local anesthetics that are widely used in medical and dental pracice procaine __ and lidocaine __

Back 135

novocain, xylocaine

Front 136

mood amplification; euphoria and dysphoria, heightneed energy, sleep disturbance, insomnia, motor excitement, restlessness, talkativenss, pressure of speech, hyperactive ideation, increased sexual interest, anger, verbal agression, mild to moderate anorexia, and inflated self esteem are __ effects of cocaine use

Back 136

mild to moderate

Front 137

irritabilty, hositility, anxiety, fear, withdrawal, extremem energy or exhaustion, total insomnia, compulsive motor stereotypes, rambling incoherent speech, disjoiunted flight of ideas, decreased sexual interest, possible extereme violence, total anorxia, and dlusion of grandiosity are __ effects of cocaien use

Back 137

severe

Front 138

when cocaine is taken by __, there is often a rush decribed by some users as invloving a sense of great pleasure and power and by others as an intense orgasm

Back 138

IV

Front 139

as cocaine dose increases, __, repetitive seemingly aimless behaviors performed in a relatively invariant manner are observed in rats

Back 139

focused sterotypies

Front 140

seizures, heart failure, stroke, and intracraninal hemorrhage are all potential adverse consequences of heavy __ use

Back 140

cocaine

Front 141

using different testing paradigms, __, __, and __ DA receptors have all been shown to play various roels in mediateing the behavioral and possibly also teh subjective efects of cocaine exposure

Back 141

D1, D2, D3

Front 142

People usuall begin taking cocaine via teh __ route

Back 142

intranasal (snorting)

Front 143

initial cocaine use __ leads to subsequent abuse or dependence

Back 143

does not

Front 144

episodic bouts of repeated use of cocaine lasting form hours to days with little or no sleep

Back 144

cocaine binges

Front 145

the three stages of cocaine abstinence syndrome are __

Back 145

crash, withdrawal, and extinction

Front 146

during teh __ period of cocaine absience syndrome, the user feels exhausted and suffere form a dperessed mood

Back 146

crash

Front 147

during teh __ period of cocaine absience syndrome, some of the important symptoms including anhedonia anergia, anxiety, and a growing craving for cocaine that increases teh risk of relapse occurs

Back 147

withdrawal

Front 148

during teh __ period of cocaine absience syndrome, where symptoms subside

Back 148

extinction phase

Front 149

time dependent increase in cocaine craving and drug seeking behavior during abstinence

Back 149

incubation

Front 150

two phases of cocaine sensitization

Back 150

induction, expression

Front 151

the process in which sensitization is established

Back 151

induction

Front 152

the process by which teh sensitized response is manifested

Back 152

expression

Front 153

__ of other substances seem to be an important rsik factor for the initiation of cocaine use

Back 153

early use

Front 154

cocaine craving and relapse to cocaine use increase over time following withdrawla, wich has been called __

Back 154

incubation of cocaine craving

Front 155

neuroimaging studies have found that cocaine dependent subjects show abnormal prefontal cortical functioning that cocaine related cues elicit DA release in teh __

Back 155

dorsal striatum

Front 156

animal models have supported the hypothesis that both __ and __ are traits that contribute to the development of compulsive cocaine use

Back 156

sensation seeking, impulsivity

Front 157

changes in drug responsiveness depend on teh patter of __, the __, and teh __

Back 157

drug exposure, outcome measure, time since teh last dose

Front 158

animal studies have implicated increased dopaminergic activity in teh __ and increased __ release as being important for locomotor sensitization to pschostimulants

Back 158

VTA, nucleus accumbens DA

Front 159

a stimulant that is currently approved for the treatment oaf narcolepsy and obstructive sleep apnea but now is used for cocaine treatment.

Back 159

modafinil

Front 160

__, which for years has been marketed s antabuse for teratment of alcohol is used to curb alcohol and cocaine use

Back 160

disulfiram

Front 161

counselling programs that invlve educating the user, promooting behavioral change and alleviating problems caused by drug use

Back 161

psychosocial treatment programs

Front 162

treatment program for durg abusers that teaches an individual how to avoid and cope with high risk situations

Back 162

relapse prevention therapy

Front 163

type of addiction treatement program in which the clients drug taking is monitored by regular urine testing and abstinence is reinforced with vouchers redeemable locally for consumer products or services

Back 163

contingency management program

Front 164

chronic exposure to psychostimulants can lead to __

Back 164

tolerance

Front 165

three different behavioral and psychosocial therapy options for cocaine addiction

Back 165

psychosocial treatment programs, relapse prevention therapy, contingency management programs

Front 166

the primary active ingredient in khat, anevergreen shrub native to east africa and the arabian peninula

Back 166

cathinone

Front 167

an amphetamine like compound which comes from the herb ephedra vulgaris

Back 167

ephedrine

Front 168

ephedrine unfortunately sharply elevates __

Back 168

blood pressure

Front 169

amphetamine in tablet form was first marketed in 1935 as a treatment for a sleep disorder called __

Back 169

narcolepsy

Front 170

amphetamine is typcially taken either __ or by __ or __

Back 170

orally, IV, subcutaneous injection

Front 171

common name for methamphetamine hydrochloride in a crystalline form pariculary suitable for smoking

Back 171

crystal meth, ice

Front 172

some amphetamine or methamphetamine userse called speed freaks, go on __ of repeated IV injections to experience recurrent highs

Back 172

binges

Front 173

during a meth run, the drug is typically injected approximately every __ hours for a period as long as __ days

Back 173

2, 3-6

Front 174

meth users on after a run may take __ or other depressant drugs to take the edge off or to assist in sleeping following a run

Back 174

barbiturates

Front 175

combining IV meth with heroin

Back 175

speedball

Front 176

amphetamine and methamphetamine are metabolized by teh __ although at a __ rate

Back 176

liver, slow

Front 177

amphetamines and methamphetaimens have long __

Back 177

halflives

Front 178

amphetamine and methamphetamine are indrect agonists of teh __

Back 178

catecholaminergic systems

Front 179

meth blocks __ reuptake and release __ from nerve terminals

Back 179

catecholamine, catecholamiens

Front 180

meth causes a reduction in __

Back 180

sleep time (especially REM)

Front 181

teh induction fo the neuropeptide CART is responsible for meths __ effects

Back 181

appetite supressing effects

Front 182

the most important clinical use fo psychostimulants is in the treatment of a developmental disorder known as __

Back 182

ADHD

Front 183

some research shows that __ are more likely to use meth and are more likely to become dependent on the drug

Back 183

females

Front 184

hallucinations of a parasitic skin infestation for cocaine or meth only occurs after __

Back 184

chronic use

Front 185

__ produces damage to serotonergic fibers in parts of the brain including teh neocortex, hippocampus, and striatum

Back 185

meth

Front 186

meth causes premature __

Back 186

aging

Front 187

mephedrone is most commonly taken by __

Back 187

snorting

Front 188

a cathinone derivative commonly called bath salts or plant food that is increasing as a substitute for meth

Back 188

maphedrone

Front 189

amphetamine use peaked in the __

Back 189

1970's

Front 190

__ and __ are used to treat ADHD

Back 190

amphetamine, methylphenidate

Front 191

a chinese medicine used to treat asthma, form of amphetamine

Back 191

mahuang

Front 192

amphetamines were used to keep soildiers __

Back 192

awake

Front 193

meth can be taken __, __ ,__, or __

Back 193

orally, norted, injected IV, smoked

Front 194

in the US, __ is the most widely used amphetamine

Back 194

meth

Front 195

__ causes damage to DA axons and terminals

Back 195

methamphetamine

Front 196

used to treat craving and seizure during withdrawal from amphetamines

Back 196

topriamate

Front 197

a non-amphetamine stiulant that improtves cognitive functinoing

Back 197

modafinil

Front 198

an antidepressent used to medicate meth adicts

Back 198

welburtin

Front 199

the most effective treatment for meth addicts is __

Back 199

cognitive and behavioral interventions

Front 200

two cateogries of hallucinogenic drugs

Back 200

hallucinogenic (hallucination producing), psychedelic (mind opening)

Front 201

hallucinogenic drugs have __ abuse and dependence potential

Back 201

low

Front 202

Hallucinogens are __ reinforcers in animals

Back 202

not effective

Front 203

hallucinogenic drugs have __ tolerance with repeated use

Back 203

rapid

Front 204

hallucinogenic drugs are all schedule __ drugs

Back 204

1

Front 205

level 1 of the psychodelic experience is defined as __

Back 205

mild "stoned" effect, some visual distrubances

Front 206

level 2 of the psychodelic experience is defined as __

Back 206

bright colors/visuals, abstract thought

Front 207

level 2 of teh psychodelic experience is found at __

Back 207

low doeses of LSD or regular dose of mushrooms

Front 208

level 3 of the psychodelic experience is defined as __

Back 208

very intense visuals, even with eyes closed (kaleidoscopic images, time disortion), synethesia

Front 209

teh crossing over of sensations (hearing colors)

Back 209

synehesia

Front 210

level 4 of the psychodelic experience is defined as __

Back 210

really strong hallucinations (may be interactive), loss of reality (mystical exerpience)

Front 211

level 5 of the psychodelic experience is defined as __

Back 211

total loss of visual connection and self identity

Front 212

the level of psychedelic experience where teh spirituality is felt

Back 212

level 5

Front 213

level 5 of the psychedelic expereince is common at doeses of __

Back 213

DMT, strong doses of mushrooms

Front 214

derived from teh peyote cactus

Back 214

mescaline

Front 215

when the peyote cactus tips are cut off and dried

Back 215

peyote buttons

Front 216

the band "the doors" is in refrence to a bood by aluxhuxley called teh doors of perception about the effects of __

Back 216

mescaline (peyote)

Front 217

derived from a varieyt of psychedelic mushrooms

Back 217

psilocybin

Front 218

the dose needed for psychedelic mushrooms is __ dependent

Back 218

species

Front 219

psilocybin can be eaten __

Back 219

raw or put into food

Front 220

once psilocybin is ingested, it is enzymatically converted to __, the psychoactive ingredient in psilocybin

Back 220

psilocin

Front 221

also called dimethyltryptamine

Back 221

DMT

Front 222

DMT is often brewed in conjunction with __

Back 222

another plant

Front 223

found in trace quantities in humans and animals in CSF during near death experiences that may be responsible to the bright lights

Back 223

DMT

Front 224

LSD is completely a __ drug

Back 224

synthetic

Front 225

invented by a biochemist during research of a fungus that cuased gangrene and psychodelic effects

Back 225

LSD

Front 226

__ was once used as a respiratory and circulatory stimulant and used to study schizophrenia

Back 226

LSD

Front 227

type of LSD psychotherapy: used in europe, low dose of LSD that is increased to try to open repressed memories

Back 227

psycholitic

Front 228

type of LSD psychotherapy: used in the UK and US, started with single, very high dose of LSD to induce spiritual experience to use as a way to get insight into the self

Back 228

psychedelic

Front 229

was tried as a control for alcoholism, psychedelic therapy, and a psycholitic therapy

Back 229

LSD

Front 230

LSD is __ active

Back 230

orally

Front 231

__ was used as a weapon by teh CIA

Back 231

LSD

Front 232

commonly called Salvia, a part of the mint family. can be chewed, smoked, or ingested via the sublingual

Back 232

salvinorin A

Front 233

Salvinorin A is sublingually absorbed in the __

Back 233

mucosa

Front 234

two most important hallucinogens (in order)

Back 234

LSD, psilocybin

Front 235

__, __, and __ hallucinogenics are usually administered orally

Back 235

LSD, psilocybin, mescaline

Front 236

__ and __ hallucinogenics are usually smoked

Back 236

DMT and Salvinorin A

Front 237

__ and __ of teh hallucinogenics are usually very short acting and the effects go away in an hour

Back 237

DMT and Salvinorin A

Front 238

the four phases of the psychological and phsiological responses to hallucinogentics

Back 238

1. beings betwen 30-90 min 2. plateau for next 2 hours (more visual distortions) 3. peak (2-3 hours) dissociative feelings (loss of self identity occur) 4. come down is ~2 hours after peak

Front 239

associated with mystical spiritual holisitc experiences (good trips)

Back 239

oceanic boundlessness

Front 240

assocaited with negative responses to hallucinogenics (bad trips)

Back 240

ego disintegration anxiety

Front 241

the illusions and hallucinations brought on by hallucinogens

Back 241

visual restructuralizaiton

Front 242

hallucinogens cause __ nervous system activation

Back 242

sympathetic

Front 243

diziness and nausea are hallucinogenic symptoms associated with __

Back 243

mushrooms

Front 244

molecules similar in structure to serotonin

Back 244

indolamines

Front 245

molecules similar in structure to catecholamines

Back 245

phenethylamine

Front 246

DMT, LSD, and psilocybin are __

Back 246

indolamines

Front 247

Mescaline is a __, similar to __

Back 247

phenethylamine, NE

Front 248

LSD has high binding to __ receptors

Back 248

serotonin

Front 249

the most important receptor subtypes for hallucinogens are __

Back 249

seratonin 2A and 2C

Front 250

the serotonin receptor subtype __ is escpecially crtical for hallucinatinos

Back 250

2A

Front 251

2 neural mechanisms of hallucinogenic drugs

Back 251

direct stimulation of pyramidal cells in cortical layer V, indirect activation of deep cortical layers (thalamus) by brainstem neurons

Front 252

cause acute anxiety or panic reactions induced by hallucinogenics, can be so sever hospitalization is needed

Back 252

bad trips

Front 253

the kind of trip you have with psychedelic drugs depends on teh __

Back 253

emotinal state going in and dosage

Front 254

re-experiencing one or more of the perceptual symtpoms following use fo a hallucinogen

Back 254

flashbacks

Front 255

continued flashbacks well after the administration of a hallucinogen, may be brought on by use of other psychoactive drugs (marijuana)

Back 255

hallucinogen persisting perception disorder

Front 256

what drug has been used to treat PTSD?

Back 256

MDMA (exstacy)

Front 257

salvinorin A is not absorbed via __

Back 257

the GI tract

Front 258

the hallucinogen that is not widely used due to hgih costs of production

Back 258

mescaline

Front 259

ego distintegration is most often associated with which aspect of teh psychedelic experience?

Back 259

anxiety

Front 260

mescaline is similar in structure to ___

Back 260

NE

Front 261

what is the primary effect of hallucinogens?

Back 261

perceptual distortions

Front 262

PCP was invented in teh 1950's as a potnetial __

Back 262

anesthetic agent

Front 263

patients with PCP are unresponsive to __

Back 263

noxious stimului

Front 264

PCP has a __ theraputic index

Back 264

high

Front 265

Postoperative side effects __ are:
o Blurred vision
o Dizziness
o Mild disorientation
o Hallucinations
o Agitation
o violence

Back 265

PCP

Front 266

PCP is a schedule __ drug

Back 266

I

Front 267

used in animal research for schizophrenia

Back 267

PCP

Front 268

ketamine is a schedule __ drug

Back 268

III

Front 269

__ is widely used for pediatric surgeries for its general sedating property

Back 269

ketamine

Front 270

PCP is usually taken either __, __, or __

Back 270

orally, intranasal, injection

Front 271

ketamine is usually taken either __, __, or __

Back 271

snorted, pill form, injections

Front 272

__ dose ketamine produces
o Loss of mental contact with environement
o Catatonia
o Near death experience

Back 272

Anesthetic (higher)

Front 273

__ and __ dose ketamine
o Detachment, vertigo, floating, affective reactions, conigitve disorganization
o Similar to schizophrenia
o Effects usually unpleasant to subjects

Back 273

PCP and low

Front 274

PCP and ketamine are __ noncompetitive agonists

Back 274

NMDA

Front 275

effect of PCP and ketamine that cause cognitive deficits, possibily dissociateve effects

Back 275

cortex, hippocampus blockade

Front 276

PCP and ketamine cause increased __ release

Back 276

presynaptic glutamate

Front 277

PCP and ketamine cause increased __ in the anterior cingulate cortex, associated with psychotic symptoms

Back 277

DA

Front 278

animals will self administer more __ than __ (hallucinogentics

Back 278

ketmamine, PCP

Front 279

__ and __ increase dopaminergic cell firing and DA release

Back 279

PCP and ketamine

Front 280

PCP is __ used as ketamine

Back 280

not as freuquently

Front 281

causes urological damage, bizarre, violent patters, injuries sustained while intoxicated, rhabdomylesis, hyperthermia, seizures, and psychosis

Back 281

PCP

Front 282

PCP and ketamine cause __ and __ matter abnormalities

Back 282

gray, white

Front 283

PCP and ketamine used cause __, the programmed death of cells

Back 283

apoptosis

Front 284

what is not an effect following administration of PCP?

Back 284

respiratory failure

Front 285

catatonia is a state of __

Back 285

motor immobility

Front 286

dessociative hallcinogens can cause all of the following:

Back 286

sensory distoriton, feelings of detchment, hallucinations

Front 287

the molecular mechanisms of PCP and ketamine involve increased __ via non-NMDA receptors

Back 287

glutamate

Front 288

compared to traditional hallucinogens such as LSD, PCP and ketamine cuase more __

Back 288

reinforcement

Front 289

adverse effects of ketamine include (3)

Back 289

bladder pain, memory deficits, brian changes

Front 290

ketamine has been suggested in the treatments of __ and __

Back 290

depression, pain control

Front 291

Withdrawal signs occurring in a dependent individual can be terminated by administering drugs in the same class.

Back 291

cross dependence

Front 292

Drug-like effects caused by stress or drug-conditioned stimuli that reinstate drug use after abstinence.

Back 292

primers

Front 293

An unusual type of anesthetic state characterized by environmental detachment. It is produced by certain noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists such as ketamine and PCP.

Back 293

dissociative anesthesia

Front 294

Substance that alters perceptions, state of mind or awareness.

Back 294

psychedelic