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231 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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teh principle that growth follows a pattern that befins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds down the rest of teh body
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cephalocaudal principle
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the principle that development proceeds from teh center of the body outward
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proximodistal principle
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the principle that simple skills typically develop separately and independently but are later integrated into more complex skills
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principle of hierarchical integration
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the principle that different body systems grow at different rates
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principle of the independence of systems
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the basic nerve cell of the nervous system
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neuron
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the gap at the connectin obetween neurons, through which neurons chemically communicate with one anthother
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synapse
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the elimination of neurons as the result of nonuse or lack of stimulatoin
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synaptic pruning
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a fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speds the transmission of nerve impulses
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myelin
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the degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to experience
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plasticity
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the upper layer of the brain
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cerebral cortex
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a specific, but limited, time, usually early in teh organisms life, during which the organism is particularly susceptible to environmental infludnces relating to some particular facet of devleopment
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sensitive period
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wher an infant is shaken by a caretaker, usually out of frustration or anger due to a babies crying
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shaken bby syndrome
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repetitive, cyclical patters of behavior
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rhythems
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the degree of awareness an infant displays to both internal and external stimulation
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state
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when a baby is attentive or scanning, the infants eyes are open, bright , and shining (6.7% of their time)
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alert
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babies spend most of their time in __
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active sleep
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when a babies eyes are closed; uneven repiration; intermittent rapid eye movements.
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active sleep
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the period of sleep that is found in older children and alduts and is associated with dreaming
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rapid eye movement sleep
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why is REM slep important for infants?
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it provides a means for the brain to stimulate itself (autostimulation
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REM sleep is abundant in __ but then declines in quntity
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infancy
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infants sleeping with their mothers at night
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co-sleeping
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the enexplained death of a seemingly healthy baby
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sudden infant death syndrome
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unlearned, organized involuntary responses that occur automatically in teh presence of certian stimuli
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reflexes
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at __ months, an infant is able to opens hands and prominetly, grasps ratlle
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3
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at __ months, a baby can grasp with the thumb and finger
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8
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at __ months, an infant should be able to hold a crayon adaptively
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11
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at __ months, an infant should be able to build a tower of two cubes
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14
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at __ months, an infant should be able to place pegs in a board
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16
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at __ month, an infant should be able to inmiate strokes on a piece of paper
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24
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at __ months, an infant should be able to copy a circle
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33
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the average performance of a large sample of chiren of a given age
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norms
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a measure designed to determine infants neurological and behaviorlal responses to their environement
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Brazelton Neotnatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)
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infant should consume __ calories a day for each pound they weigh
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50
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the condition of having an improper amount and balance of nutrients, produces several results, none good
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malnutrition
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a disease of malnutrition in which infants stop growing, caused by sever deficiency in proteins and calories, causes the body to waste away and ultimately results in death
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marasmus
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a disease of malnutrition in whcih a childs stomach, limbs, and face swell with water.
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kwashiorkor
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a disorder in which infants stop growing due to lack of stimulation and attention as the result of inadequate parenting
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nonorganic failure to thrive
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is breastfeeding better than bottle feeding?
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yes
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a baby can start solid food around __ months
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6
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the gradual cessation of breast- or bottle feeding, frequently occurs at 3-4 months
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weaning
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the physical stimulation of the sense organs
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sensation
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the sortingout, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli involvin the sense organs and brain
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perception
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teh __ experiment examines the depth perception of infants
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visual cliff
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__ permits us to pinpoint the direction from which a sound is emanating
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sound localization
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infants perfer more __ imagery
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complex
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there is evidence that by 32 weeks, the sense of __ has developed
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touch
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the approach that considers how information that is collected by various individual sensory systems is integrated and coordinated
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multimodal approach to perception
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the action possibiities that a given situation or sitmulus provides
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affordances
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piagets views of the ways infants learn could be summed in a simple equation: __=__
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action, knowledge
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piaget suggested that knowlege is the product of __
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direct motor behavior
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an organized patterns of functioning that adapt and hange with mental functioing
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scheme
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the process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking
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assimilation
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changes in existing ways of thinking that occur in response to encounters with new stimuli or events
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accommodation
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occurs when a stimulus or event is acted upon, percieed, and understood in accordance with exisiting pattersn of thought
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assimilation
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when a child sees a flying squirrel and calls it a boird witha tail, he is beginning __
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accomidation
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piagets initial major stage of cognitive development, which can be broken down into six substages
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sensorimotor stage of cognitive development
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substage of piagets sensorimotor stage: during this period, the varous reflexes that determine the infants interactions with the world are at the center of its cognitive life (first month of life)
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simple reflexes
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substage of piagets sensorimotor stage: at this age infants begin to coordiante what were seperate actions into single integrated activites (from 1-4 months)
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first habits and primary circular reactions
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substage of piagets sensorimotor stage: during this period, infants take major strides in shifting their cognitive horizons beyond sthemselves and begin to action on the outside (from 4-8 months)
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secondary circular reactions
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substage of piagets sensorimotor stage: in this stage infants begin to use mpre cacluated approaches to producing events, coordinating several schemes to generate a single act. they achicve object permanace during this stage (8-12 months)
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coordination of secondary circular reactions
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substage of piagets sensorimotor stageAt this age infants develop what piaget regards as the deliberate variation of actions that bring desirable consequences. rather than just repeating enjoyable activities, infants appear to carry out miniature experiments to oberve the consequences (12-18 months)
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tertiary circular reactions
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substage of piagets sensorimotor stage: the major achievement of substage 6 is the capacity for mental representation or symbolic thought. piaget argued that only at this stage can infants imagine where objects that they cannot see might be (18 months-2 years)
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begginnings of thought
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piaget argues that there is a period of __ in which some behavior reflects one stage, while other behavior refelcts the more advanced stage
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transition
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__ are schemes reflecting an infants repetition of interesting o enjoyable actions whifch focus on the infants own body
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primary circular reactions
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schemes regarding repeated acions that bring about a desirable consequence
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secondary circular reaction
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the realization that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen
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objejct permanance
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reserch on babies in nonwestern cultures suggests that piagests stagse are not univerasal, but are to some degree __ derived
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culturally
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the model that seeks to identify the way that individuals take in use, and store information
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information processing aproaches
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the process by which information is innitially recorded in a form usuable to memory
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endcoding
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the process by which material in meory storage s located brought into awareness and used
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retrieval
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the placement of materioal into memory
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storage
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the degree to which an activity requires attention
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automatization
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the process by which information is encoded, sotred, and retrieved
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information processing
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the process by which information is intially recorded, sotred and retrieved
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memory
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the lack of memory for experience that occurred propr to 3 years of age
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infantile amnesia
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memory that isi conscious and that can be recalled intnetionally
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explicit memory
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memory which we are not consciously aware, but that affect performance nad behavior
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implicit memory
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an overall developmental score that relates to erformance in four domains: motor skills, language use, adaptive behavior, and personal-social
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developmental quotient
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a measure that evaluates an infants development from 2-42 months
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bayley scales of infant development
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baley scales focus of __ and __ abiliteis
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metal, motor
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measures of visual recognition memory, the memory of and recogntion of a stimulus that has been previously seen, also relte to intelligence. the more quickly an infant can retrieve a representaiton of a stimulus form memory, the more efficient, presumably is thats infants information processing
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visual recognition memory measurement
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rather than focusing on broad explanations of the _ changes that occur in infants capabilities as piaget does, information processing look sat the __ changes
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qualitative, quantitative
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the systematic meaningful arragement of symbols, which provides the basis for communication
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language
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refers to teh basic sounds of language called phonemes that can be combined to produce words or sentaces
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phonolgy
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the smallest language unit that has meaning
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morphemes
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the rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences
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semantics
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with language, comprehension precedes __
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production
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throughout infancy, the __ of speech precedes teh __ of speech
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comprehension, production
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communication through sounds, facial expressions, gestures, imitation, and other nonlinguistic means
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prelinguistic communication
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making speechlike but meaningless sounds
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babbling
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babbling starts at eh age of __ and continues until the age of __
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2-3 months, 1 year
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first words generally are spoken somewhere around teh age of __
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10-14
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at ages __, there is an explosion of language in which a childs vocab typically increases form __ words
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16-24, 50-400
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one word utterances that stand for a whole phrase the meaning of which depends on the particular context in which they are used
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holophrases
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speech in whcih words not critical to the message are left out
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telegraphic speech
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north americal english speaking infants are more apt to use __ initially, chineses are more likely to use __
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nouns, verbs
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children creat 2 words phrases by around __ after they say their first word
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8-12 months
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__ icludes the use of short, imple sentences and is said in a ptch that is higher than that used with older aduts
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infant directed speech
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the overly restrictive use of words common among children just mastering spoken language
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underextension
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the overly broad use of words, overgeneralizing their meaning
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overextension
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a style of language use in whcih language is used primarily t label objects
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referential style
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a style of language use in which language is used primarily to express feelings and needs about oneself and others
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expressive style
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the theory that anguage acquisition follows the basic lawas of reinforcement and conditioning
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learning theroy approach
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the theory that a genetically determined, innate mechanism directs language development
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nativist approach
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noam chomsky's theroy that all teh worlds languages share a similar underlying structure
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universal grammer
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a neural system of the brain hypothesized to permit understanding of language
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language acquisition device (LAD)
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through the process of __ language becomes more and more similar to adult speech
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shaping
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the __ suggests that language development is produced througha combination of genetically determined predispositions and environemntal circumstances that help teach language
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interactionist perspective
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a type of speech directed toward infants characterized by short, simple sentences
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infant directed speech
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the nonverbal expression of emotion
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nonverbal encoding
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although infants display similar kinds of emotions, teh __ of emotional expressivity varies among infants
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degree
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by the age of 11 months, __ infants are generally less expressive than european, american, and japanese infants
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chinese
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when infants smile at a person, rather than a nonhuman stimulus, theya re displaying a __
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social smile
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the caution and wariness displayed by infants when ecountering an unfamiliar person
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stranger anxiety
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the distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs
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separation anxiety
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by __ weeks babies begin to smile reliably at the sight of stimuli that please them, including toys, mobiles, and to the delight of parnets, people
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6-9
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the intnentional search for information about others feelings to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances and events
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social referencing
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knowledge of oneself
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self-awareness
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knowledge and beliefs about how the mind works and how it affects behavior
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theory of mind
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the roots of selfawareness knowledge of oneslef bgin to grow after the age of __ months
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12
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beings who are similar to themselves who behave under their own power and who have the capacity to resond to infants requrests
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compliant agents
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an emotional response that corresponds to the feelings of antoher person
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empathy
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the positve emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual
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attachment
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a sequence of staged episodes that illustrate the strength of attachment betwen a child and typically his or her mother
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Ainsworth Strange Situation
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a style of attachemnt in which children use the mother as a kind of home base and are at ease when she is present; when she leaves, they become upset and go to her as soon as she returns
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secure attachment pattern
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behavior that takes place during a critical period and involves attachemnt to teh first moing object that is observed
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imprinting
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Infant attachment: seeking proximity with caregiver: low; Maintaining contact with caregiver: low; avoiding proximity with caregiver: high; resisting contact with caregiver: low
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avoidant
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Infant attachment: seeking proximity with caregiver: high; Maintaining contact with caregiver: high; avoiding proximity with caregiver: low; resisting contact with caregiver: low
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secure
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Infant attachment: seeking proximity with caregiver: high; Maintaining contact with caregiver: high; avoiding proximity with caregiver: low; resisting contact with caregiver: high
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ambivalant
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Infant attachment: seeking proximity with caregiver: inconsistent; Maintaining contact with caregiver: inconsistent; avoiding proximity with caregiver: inconsistent; resisting contact with caregiver: inconsistent
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disorganized-disoriented
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a style of attachment in which chidren do not seek proximity to the mother; after the mother has left, they seem to avoid her when she returns as if they are angered by her behavior
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avoidant attachment pattern
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a style of attachment in which children display a comination of positive and negative reations to their mothers; they show great distress when the mother leaves, but upon her return they may simultaneously seek close contact but also hit and kick her
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ambivalent attachemtn behavior
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style of attachemnt in which children show inconsistent, often contradicotry behavior such as approaching teh mother when she returns but not looking at her; they may be the learst securely attachemd children of all
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disorganized-disoriented attachment pattern
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a psychological problem characterized by extreme problems in forming attachment to others
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reactive attachment disorder
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when caregivers responds to infants appropriatley and both caregiver and child match emotional states
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interactional synchrony
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certian disorders such as depression and substance abuse have been found to be more related to __ behavior
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fathers
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neurons that fire not only when an individual enacts a particualr behaivor but also when teh inividual simply oberves another organism carrying out of the same behavior
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mirror neurosns
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the sum total of the enduring characterisitcs that differentiate one individual from another
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personality
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the theroy htat considers how individuals come to understnad themselves and the meaning of othres; and their own behavior
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eriksons theory of psychosocial development
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according to erikson, the period druing which infants develop a sense of trust or mistrust, largely depending on how well their needs are met by their caregivers
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trust-versus-mistrust stage
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the period during which according to erikson toddlers (aged 18 month to 3 years) develop indiepdence and autonomy if they are allowed the freedom to explre or shame and self doubt if they are restricted and overprotected
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autonomy versus shame and doubt stage
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pattersn of arousal and emotionality that are consistent and enduring characterisics of an individual
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temperament
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referes to how children behave as opposed to what they do or why they do it
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temperament
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temperament is reflected in several dimensions of behavior. oone central dimension is __ which reflects the degree of overall movment
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activity level
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another imortant dimension of temperament is the nature and quaity of an infants mood and nparticualr a chlds __
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irritability
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babies who have a positive diposition thier body functions operate regularly and they are adaptable
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easy babies
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babies who have negative moods and are slow to adapt to enw situations when confronted with a new situation they tend to withdraw
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difficult babies
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babies who are inactive showing relativly calm reactions to their enviornment; their moods are generally negative and they withdraw form new situations adapting slowly
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slow to warm babies
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the notion that evleopment is dependnet on the degree of match between childrens temperament and teh nature and demands of teh envormentnt in which they are raised
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goodness of fit
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the sense of being male or female
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gender
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teh resonse to a new person or object based on whehter the child accept the new situation or wighdraws form it
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approach/withdrqwl
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how ealily the child is able to adapt to changes in his or her envonrment
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adaptability
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the deree to which stimlui in the enviornment after behaivor
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distractibility
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the number of single parent families has__ dramatically in the last two decades as teh number of two parent households has __
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increased, declined
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teh average size of families is __
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shrinking
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the number of adolescent birth has __
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declined
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more than __ of mothers of infants work outside th eome
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1/2
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__ children lives in low income households in teh US
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1 in 3
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children who spend __ hours a week in grou child care for a year or more have an increased probability of being disruptive in class
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10 or more
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body weight more than 20% higher than the average weight for a person of a given age and height
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ovesity
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the best strategy for parents is to make sure tha they make a variety of __
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low fat and high nuturiton foods available
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by the end of the preschool period, teh __ a bundle of nerve fibers that connects the two hemisphers of the brain becomes considerably thicker, developing as many as 800 million individual fibers that help coordinate brain functioning betwent he two hempishpers
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corpus callosum
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a protective insulation that surrounds parts of neuorns which speeds thte transmission of electrical impulses along brain cells but also adds to brain weight
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myelin
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the proccess in which certian cognitive functions are located more in one hemisphere of teh brain than ain tleh thoer
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lateralizatoin
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according to one study, __ in teh brain has been linked to advances in cogintive abilities at various stages across the life span
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electrical activity
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myelination fo teh __ an arae of teh brain associated with attention and concnetration is completed by teh tie children are about 5 years old
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reticular formation
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the preference of using one hand over another
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handedness
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__% of people are right handed __% of people are left handed
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90, 10
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according to piaget, teh stage from approximately age 2-7 in which childrens use of symbolic thinking grows, mental reasoning emerges and the use of concepts increases
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preoperational stage
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organized formal logical mental procreses
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operations
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according to piaget, a key aspect of preoperational thought is __ the ability to use a mental symbol a word or an object to stannd for or represent something that is not physcially present
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symbolic function
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the process of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulus andingnoring other aspects
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centration
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the knowledge that quantity is unrealted to the arragemnet and physcial appearance of objects
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consercation
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the process in which one state is changed into another
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transformation
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thinking that does not take into account the viewpoints of others
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egocentric thought
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thinking that reflects preschoolers use tof preimitve reasoning and their avid acquisitoin of knowldge about the world
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intuitive thought
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by the end of the preoperational stage, preschoolers begin to grasp __, the idea that actions, events, and outcomes are related to one antoher in fixed pattenrs
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functionality
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the understanding that certain things stay the same regardless of changes in shape size and appearnce fo
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identity
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piaget regrded the development of __ as teh transition from teh preoperational period to the next stage, concrete operations,
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conservation
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memory of particular events form ones own life
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autobiographical memory
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broad represntations in momory of events and teh order in which they occur
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scripts
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bygotsky viewed cognitive devleopment as the product of __
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social interactions
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vygostkys increasingly influentail view focuses on teh socail aspects of __ and __
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devleopment and learning
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according to bygotsky, the level at which a child can almost but not fully, perform a task independetly but can do so with the assistance of someone more competent
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zone of proximal development (ZPD)
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the support for learning and problem solving that encourages independecce and growth
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scaffolding
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the way in which an inidivual combines words and phrases to form sentences
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syntax
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instance in which new words are associated with their meaing after ony a brief encounter
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fast mapping
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the system of rules that dtermine how our thoughts can be expressed
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grammar
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speech by children taht is spoken and directed to themselves
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private speech
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the aspect of language that relates to communicating effectively and appropriately with others
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pragmatics
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speech directed toward antoher person and meant to be understood by that person
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social speech
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approximatly __% of children in teh US are enrolled in some form of care outside of the home
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75
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according to erickson development that encompasses changes both in the understandings individuals have themselves as members of society andin their comprehsion of the meaning of others behavior
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psychosocial development
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according ot erikson, the period during which children aged 3-6 years experience conflict between independece of action and the sometimes negative results of that action
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initiative versus guilt stage
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a persns identity or set of beliefs about what one is like as an idnivdual
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self concept
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the phenomeon in which minority children indicate preferences for majoirty values or people
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race dissonance
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a philosophy that promotes the notion of interdependence
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collectivistic orientation
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a philosophy that emphasizes personal identify and teh uniqueness of the individual
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individualistic orientation
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the perception of oneself as male or female
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gender identity
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a cognitive framework that organizes information revelent to gender
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gender schema
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the awareness that people are permanetly males or females depending on fixed unchangeable biological facotrs
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gender constancy
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a state in which gender roles encompass characterisitcs thought typical of both sexes
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androgynous
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according to the __ gender rigidity is in part a reflection of preschoolers understandig of gnder
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cognitive developmental theory
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play that involves simple repetitive acticities typical of 3 year olds
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funcitonal play
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play in which children manipulate objects to produce or build something
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constructive play
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action in wich children play with similar toys, in a similar manner, but do not interact with each other
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parallel play
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action in which children simply watch others play but do not actually paricipate thermselves
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onlooker play
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play in which two or more children actually ineract with one another by sharing or borrowing toys or materials, although they do not do the same thing
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associative play
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play in whcih children genuinely ineract with one antoher, taking turns plaing games or devising contests
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cooperative play
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parents who are controlling punitive rigid, and cold and whose word is law. they value strict, unquestioning obedience form their children and do not tolerate experssions of disagreement
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authoritarian parents
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parents who provide lax and inconsistent feedback and require little of their children
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permissive parents
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parents who are firm, setting clear and consisten limits but who try to reason with their children, giving explanations for why they should behave in a particualr way
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authoritative parents
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parents who show almost no interst in their children and indifferent rejecting behavior
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uninvolved parents
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tend to be withdrawn, who little socialbilty and are not very freindly and often behave uneasliy around peers. girls dependent on parents, boys hostile
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children of authoritarian parents
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generally independent friendlly, slef assertive, and cooperative. strong motivation to achieve , typcially successful and likeable.
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children of authoritative parents
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tend to be dependent and moody and are low in social skills and self control.
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children of permissive parents
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show direupted emotional development. feel unloved emotionally detached and their physcial and cognitive devleopment may be impeded as well
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children of univolved parents
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__ is the most frequent form of abuse
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neglect
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the theory that the abuse and neglect that children suffer preidpose them as adults to abuse and neglct their own children
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cycle of violence hypothesis
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abuse that occurs when parents or other caregivers harm childresns behavioral cognitive emotinal or phsycial functioning
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psychological maltreatment
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the ability to vercome circumstance that place a child at high risk for psycholgocial physical damage
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resilience
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the changes in peoples sense of justice and of what is right and wrong, and in their behaivor related to moral issues
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moral developmental
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helpoing behavior that benefits othrs
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prosocial behavior
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stage of piagets moral development: rules are seen as invariant and unchangeable. during his stage, which lasts form about age 4-7, children play games rigidly assuming that here is one and only one way to play
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heternomous morality
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stage of piagets moral development: lasts form around age 7-10, childrens games become more clealy social
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incipient cooperation stage
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stage of piagets moral development: begins at age 10, that children become fully aware tha formal game rules can be modified if the players agree
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autonomous cooperation stage
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the process in which modelling paves the way for teh development of more general rules and priciples
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abstract modeling
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intentional injury or harm to antoher person
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aggression
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the capability to adjust emotions to a desired state and level of intensity
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emotinal self regulation
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aggression motivated by the desire to obtain a concrete goal
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inrumental aggression
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nonphyscial aggression that is intended to hurt antoher perons psychological well being
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relational aggression
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