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146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three REFLECTIVE trimesters of developmental stages? |
- Germinal - Embryonic - Fetal |
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How long is the Germinal period? |
The first 14 days |
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How long is the Embryonic period? |
the first 3 to 8 weeks |
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From what point does the Fetal trimester start? |
week 9 to birth |
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What is Implantation? |
the process beginning about 10 days after conception, in which the developing organism burrows into the placenta that lines the uterus, where it can nourished and protected as it continues to develop. |
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What is the goal of the Germinal period? |
To implant itself in the uterus. |
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The Germinal period is not a very dangerous time for us? |
False; it is very dangerous and vulnerable. |
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What is the one celled that travels down to the fallopian tube towards the uterus? |
zygote |
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As the zygote travels to through the fallopian tube towards the uterus it does what? |
Divides and duplicates |
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As the zygote, dividing, travels through the fallopian tube towards the uterus, what kind of cells are at work? |
Stem cells |
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As the zygote is at the 8-cell stage what begins?
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differentiation - cells start to get assigned |
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After a week, 100 cells separate to form what outer cells and inner cells? |
placenta and embryo |
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What is the is the percentages of zygotes that don't get implanted? |
60 |
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From what week to what week does the Embryonic period last? |
3 to 8 weeks |
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What is the name of the thin line that appears and will become the neural tube? |
the primitive streak |
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What is the Primitive streak? (not a question in the ppt) |
the faint streak that is the earliest trace of the embryo in the fertilized ovum of a higher vertebrate. |
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After the Primitive streak appears, what will it become? |
the neural tube |
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What is the neural tube? |
this will develop into the central nerves system (the brain, spine column) |
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What develops during the 4th week of pregnancy and what period does this fall under? |
Embryonic period - head; eyes, ears, nose, mouth - and blood vessels that will be the heart. |
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What develops during the 5th week and why is it in this order? |
arm and leg BUDS - theres a pattern to it - cephalo-caudal(head to toe) and proximo-distal (near to far) |
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How does the embryonic period end? |
Everything but the sex organs are in place. Portions are off; big head and tiny body. We are also 6inch long. |
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What is an embryo? |
the name for the developing human organism from about 3rd to 8th week. |
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What is a fetus? |
the name for the developing human organism from the 9th week to birth. |
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During the 9th week what gene is triggered to develop male organs? |
SRY |
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What does the SRY gene trigger in order to develop male organs? |
testosterone |
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By the end of the 3rd month sex organs are visible by what kind of method? |
Ultrasound |
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What is the percentage that ultrasound are accurate? |
90 |
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What is an ultrasound? |
like an xray but its sound waves |
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What happens during the 4th,5th, and 6th months of pregnancy? |
THE BRAIN INCREASES TO SIX TIMES ITS SIZE!!! |
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What is something else that happens as the brain increases during 4-6th months of pregnancy? |
neurogenesis and synaptogenesis |
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What is neurogenesis? |
Neurons developing |
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What is synaptogenesis? |
the developing of the synapses |
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What are neurons? |
transmitters of messages |
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What are the body parts of a neuron? |
- Dendrites - Cell body - Axon - Axon Terminals - Myelin Sheath - |
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What is a synapse? |
A junction between an axon and another cell where information is transmitted by neurotransmitters |
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What is the goal of the Fetal period at 22 weeks? |
the age of viability |
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What is the age of viability? |
The age at which a fetus might survive outside the mother's uterus if specialized medical care is available |
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What age (week) is the age of viability a goal? |
22 weeks. |
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During the 3 final months, what is the critical difference between life and death or a fragile preterm baby and a robust newborn? |
Neurological, Respiratory and Cardiovascular systems. |
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At what week are fetuses considered preemie? |
25 weeks |
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If a baby is born at 22 weeks what is the survival rate? |
20% |
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What how much does a fetus weigh at 25 weeks? |
4 1/2 lbs |
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what are some of the other important things that happen during the last three months of pregnancy? |
- Baby and mothers begin to bond - Babies begin to hear - Babies are beginning to learn to interact - Taste through the umbilical cord - Emotional stages can impact the baby |
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What are the principles of development, there's 6 of them? |
- sequence is fundamental - timing is crucial - development proceeds unevenly - Development consists of process of differentiation and integration - Development is punctuated by periods of regression - Development is characterized by stagelike changes |
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Thinking about how timing is crucial, is important to be cautious about different stages in pregnancy? |
Yes |
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What is Apgar Scale? |
a quick assessment of a newborn's health |
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Who first developed the Apgar scale? |
Virginia Apgar |
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What does the Apgar scale asset? |
The baby's color, heart, reflexes , muscle tone, respiratory effort (which is given a score of 0,1,2) |
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What is a doula? |
a person trained to support the laboring woman |
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What is a teratogen? |
an agent or condition, including viruses, drugs and chemicals that can impair prenatal development and result in birth defects or even death. |
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What are behavioral teratogens? |
agents and conditions that can harm the prenatal brain, impairing the future child's intellectual and emotional functioning. |
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What is the threshold effect? |
In prenatal development, when a teratogen is relatively harmless in small doses but becomes harmful once exposure reaches a certain level. |
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What is fetal alcohol syndrome? |
a cluster of birth defects - abnormal facial characteristics - slow physical growth - reduced intellectual ability |
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True or False Newborns do NOT lose several ounces in the first few days and gain an ounce a day for months. |
False - they do lose several ounces and gain an ounce for months |
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True or False Typical 2 year old are 1/2 their adult height, 1/5 their adult weight and 4X heavier than at birth. |
True |
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True or False Newborns sleep about 4 -5 hours. |
False. - 15 to 17 hours |
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True or False Full-terms newborns spend 1/2 their time in REM |
True |
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True or False By about 5 months, all stages of sleep are evident. |
False - its 3 months |
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True or False One internet study found that, according to parents, sleep was a problem for 90% of children under three. |
False - 25% |
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How do we know if there's a problem in babies? |
Percentile. The weight of the baby |
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Where should babies sleep? |
The controversy is between separate rooms and same room/bed |
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What did Susan Beal provide us with? |
She saw a pattern of babies not experiencing Sudden Death Syndrome = these babies were sleeping on their backs. |
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What is cerebral palsy? |
a disorder that results from damage to the brain's motor centers. - have difficulty with muscle control, so their speech and body movement are impaired |
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What is anoxia? |
a lack of oxygen that if prolonged, can cause brain damage or death |
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What is postpartum depression? |
a new mother's feelings of inadequacy and sadness in the day and weeks after giving birth. |
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what is couvade? |
symptoms of pregnancy and birth experienced by fathers. |
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What is kangaroo care? |
when parents place their babies on their naked chests |
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What is Low birthweight |
(LBW) a body weight at birth of less than 5 1/2 lbs |
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What is very low birthweight? |
(VLBW) a body weight at birth of less than 3 lbs |
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What is extremely low birthweight? |
a body weight at birth of less than 2 lbs |
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what is a preterm ? |
a birth that occurs 3 or more weeks before the full 38 weeks. |
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What is small for gestational age? |
a term for a baby whose birthweight is significantly lower than expected |
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What are somethings that can harm the brain? |
- Shaken Baby Syndrome - Lack of stimulation - Severe social deprivation |
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What is sensation |
- the eye's retina and pupil "pick up" lightwaves |
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What is perception? |
associating shape, size, etc with experience. |
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What is cognition when it comes to perceiving and moving? |
thinking about what is perceived |
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What are the milestones in the development of hearing? |
Hearing is developed in the last trimester At birth - sudden nosies startle At 4 months - attended to voices, rhythm |
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What are the milestone in the development of sight? |
At birth - Legally blind - 4 to 80" At 2 months - stares at faces At 3 months - distinguish expressions, patterns, color, motion At 4 months - binocular vision |
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What are the milestone in the development of taste/smell? |
At birth it starts to function and develop preferences |
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What are the milestones in the development of Touch/pain? |
At birth it is acute. |
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What helps infants with gross motor skills? |
tummy time |
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What can 90% of babies do? |
Sit unsupported by 7.5 m Stand holding by 9.4 m Crawl by 10 m Walk well 14.4 m Walk backwards by 17 m Run by 20 mons Jump up by 29 m |
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How do fine motor skills help infants? |
allow to hold manipulate objects - mouth, hands and fingers |
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What is transient exuberance? |
the great but temporary increase in the number of dendrites that develop in an infant's brain |
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What is pruning ? |
When applied to brain development, the process by which unused connections in the brain atrophy and dieeeee!! |
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How do we know what infants know? |
by habituation
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What is experience expectant brain functions? |
Certain functions that require basic experiences in order to develop |
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What is experience dependent brain functions? |
brain functions that depend on on particular variable experiences and that therefor may/may not develop in an infant |
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Why is breastfeeding the best? |
- All natural - Getting mother;s antibodies - perfect for baby's brain - Change with age of baby |
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What is assimilation? |
when new ideas do not affect but rather fit into old ideas/schemas |
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What is accommodation? |
When new ideas shape old ideas/schemas |
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What is Piaget's Sensorimotor period? |
the way infants think - by using their sense and motor skills - during the first period of cognitive development |
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What is the name of the first two years of cognition that Piaget described? |
Sensorimotor intelligence with 6 stages |
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What are the first two stages of sensorimotor intelligence called? |
Primary Circular Reactions |
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What happens in the Primary Circular reactions? |
The infant's responses to its own body (1- 4months) |
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What happens in the Secondary circular reactions? |
The infant's responses to objects and people - this one is interactive - clapping hands when saying YAY - 4 to 12 months |
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What is Tertiary Circular reactions? |
Baby's actions -> novel reactions from object or person - active experimentation and mental combinations 12-24 months |
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What is object permanence? |
the realization that objects, including people, stil exist when they can no longer be see, touched, or heard. |
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What is deferred imitation? |
When an infant copies behavior that they saw hours even days before. |
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What is pretend play? |
using an object for another object/person baby doll ---> real baby |
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What marks the end of the sensorimotor period> |
Symbolic representation = Language |
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What is habituation? |
the process of becoming accustomed to an object or event through repeated exposure to it thus becoming less interested in it. |
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What is Symbolic representation? |
something that can stand for something else in the world. |
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What accounts for Piaget's misunderstanding? |
- His own infants, only three of them - Infants are not easy to study - several ways of measuring brain activity today |
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What is the Information Processing Theory? |
a perceptive that that compares human thinking processes to a computer analyzing data |
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What are the information processes in humans? |
Sensation -> Perception -> Cognition |
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True or false Older infants are more thoughtful because advances occur weekly or even day by day? |
True |
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What is affordances? |
the opportunities that the environment, person or object can offer |
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What are the four factors that perception depends on? |
1. Sensory Awareness 2. Immediate Motivation 3. Current level of development 4. Past experience |
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What is the visual cliff? |
an experimental apparatus that gives the illusion of a sudden dropoff between one horizontal surface and another. |
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What is dynamic perception?
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perception that is focused on movement, babies love things that move |
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What is people preference? |
a universal principle of infant perception, specifically an innate attraction to other humans |
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True or False It's important to under how infant memory works? |
true |
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True or False It's easy to test objectively the memory of babies? |
False; its hard |
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What did Carolyn Rovee- Collier do? |
she studies infant memories with mobile things |
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How did the crib overhead toy research work? |
Got babies to play with it, if they moved their legs then after a while they would tie a string to their ankles and the babies would figure out that if they moved their legs the mobile would move too |
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What is the development of language in a baby at 6-10 months? |
babbling |
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At what age does a baby begin to speak first recognizable words?
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12 months |
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What is the development of language in a baby at 18 months? |
naming explosion - three or more words learned per day |
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what is the development of language in an infant at 21 months? |
first two word sentences. |
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What are the theories of language learning? |
- Infants need to be taught - Social -pragmatic - Infants teach themselves |
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True or False One of the theories that babies need to learn from the input from the environment, a behaviorist theory. |
true |
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What is the social pragmatic theory? |
That language is an essential part of human experience, its the way we interaction with others |
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Noam Chomsky developed what theory of learning language? |
Language acquisition device (LAD) |
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What is language acquisition? |
Chomsky's term for how children's brain developed it innately learns language. |
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What are somethigns that babies learn to do when learning language? |
- its a conversation - figuring out how many times sounds happen(assisotation) - picking up patterns - |
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True or False Infants lose the ability to discriminate or distinguish faces at 10 months? |
False, its 8 months. |
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True or False There is a Cross culture differences of raising children |
TRUE |
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Do babies need emotions, if so why? |
Evolutionary, babies need to have contentment and distress in order to alert parents of discomfort, pain, or hunger or basic needs. |
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What emotions do newborns have? |
Distress and contentment |
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What emotions do infants develop at 6 weeks? |
the social smile |
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What is the social smile? |
Its not actually smiling but rather nerves moving the face muscles |
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What emotions do infants develop at 9-14 months? |
fear of social events (ex. strangers separation from parents or caretakes |
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What is separation anxiety? |
an infant's distress when a caregiver leaves |
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What are the two emotions that can have a negative affect on brain development? |
sadness and fear - it raises cortisol levels |
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What is cortisol? |
the stress hormone |
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What is self-awareness |
a person's realization that he or she is a distinct individual whose body, mind and actions are separate from those of other people |
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Do parent's emotional stages affect infants? |
yes |
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What is temperament? |
biologically based core of individual differences in style of approach and response to the environment that is stable across time and situations |
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What are the expressions of selfhood? |
temper pride shame jealously embarrassment disgust guilty |
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What part of the brain is the cortex? |
the valleys and hills of the brain |
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Does culture play a role in brain maturation? |
yes; think of the study in '07 |
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What are some temperamental traits? |
shyness and aggression honest and humility are learned |
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What is synchrony? |
A coordinated, rapid and smooth exchange of responses between caregiver and an infant |
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What is an example of synchrony and why is necessary? |
Still Face Technique, infants get upset because caregivers are not response to their actions |
