Child Development

Front 1

Different theorists conceptualize intelligence differently, but most agree that intelligence:

Back 1

is adaptive, involves use of prior knowledge to analyze and understand new situations effectively, involves learning ability – people who are intelligent in particular areas learn new information and behaviors more quickly and easily than people who are less intelligent in those domains, involves complex interaction and coordination of many different mental processes. Is culture specific.

Front 2

Robert is a 15-year-old boy who has attended U.S. schools since he began kindergarten at age 5. With this fact in mind, identify the task that is most likely to require Robert's fluid intelligence rather than his crystallized intelligence.

Back 2

Fluid – adaptability in new situations, gaining information quickly, result of biological factors. Crystallized – knowledge and skills accumulated though experience and prior learning, affected by both nature and nurture.

Front 3

If teachers consider Gardner's view of intelligence, they would be most likely to conclude that:

Back 3

intelligence is “the ability to solve problems or fasion products that are of consequence in a particular cultural setting or community”. “intelligence is always an interaction between potentials in the brain-mind and opportunities for learning in the culture”

Front 4

Only one of the following statements reflects an accurate comparison of Gardner's and Sternberg's theories of intelligence. Which one?

Back 4

Gardner – (see above). Sternbergs – Analytical, Creative, and Practical intelligences.

Front 5

The original purpose of intelligence tests is still their main purpose today that is, to:

Back 5

determine school success and diagnose learning problems

Front 6

Which one of the following statements is most accurate about assessing cognitive abilities in infants and toddlers?

Back 6

Infants can be hard to assess (may be sleepy, fussy, have short attention spans, lose interest, or misinterpret instructions)

Front 7

Poor nutrition is a problem for many children who live in poverty. Which one of the following situations is likely to be associated with poor nutrition?

Back 7

attention, memory, abstract reasoning, and general school achievement

Front 8

Researchers have suggested a variety of explanations for why children from lower socioeconomic status (SES) families often perform less well on IQ tests and in school than their higher SES counterparts. Three of the following are common explanations. Which one is not?

Back 8

High quality preschool programs have a positive effect, poor nutrition, lack of healthcare, and greater-than-average exposure to environmental toxin, parents work long hours, single parents, parents with limited education background, lower school attendance, teachers have lower expectations of these students.

Front 9

Cattell proposed that general intelligence ("g") is composed of two distinct components. These are ___________ intelligence and _____________ intelligence

Back 9

fluid ; crystallized

Front 10

Sternberg, in his triarchic theory of intelligence, focused on the nature of intelligence itself. He proposed that intelligent behavior involves an interplay of all of the factors below except the:

Back 10

analytical – required to solve problems & judge the quality of ideas, creative – required to formulate good problems and ideas in the first place; to explore beyond traditional ideas, practical – needed to use the ideas and their analysis in an effective way in one’s everyday life. Environmental context – adapting to environment around using prior experience. Cognitive processes – how one thinks

Front 11

Laura has a good understanding of how she is likely to respond emotionally in various situations. She is also very aware of what motivates her behaviors and intentions. Gardner would say that Laura has a high level of ____________________ intelligence.

Back 11

intrapersonal

Front 12

ests of general intelligence (IQ tests) typically assess:

Back 12

current cognitive functioning

Front 13

Twin studies show that monozygotic (identical) twins raised separately have similar IQ scores. This evidence:

Back 13

shows that it is partially genetic

Front 14

Studies of identical twins show that twins raised together are more similar in IQ than twins raised separately. This evidence

Back 14

it also has to do with effects of home evironment

Front 15

Three of the following factors have been identified as having an influence on IQ scores. Which one has not?

Back 15

Home environment, early nutrition, early intervention, formal schooling, Flynn effect

Front 16

The Flynn effect refers to a gradual:

Back 16

increase in intelligenct test performance observed in many countries over the past several decades

Front 17

Which one of the following statements most accurately describes what developmental theorists mean when they talk about a language acquisition device?

Back 17

LAD - Children are prewired for language, including intonations and structure of language.

Front 18

Which one of the following statements best illustrates telegraphic speech?

Back 18

Includes only words that are essential to get the meaning across

Front 19

Reuben says "Jooz!" as he stretches his arms in the direction of his juice bottle. This can best be described as an example of:

Back 19

holophrase

Front 20

If you wanted to enhance children's and adolescents' ability to understand what other people say, you might use three of the following strategies. Which one would you be least likely to use?

Back 20

1. expand on child’s telegraphic speech 2. teach irregular forms of verb and comparative adjectives 3. describe various sentence structures and give child practice 4. provide opportunities for children to express their ideas in “formal” ways

Front 21

Which one of the following is the best example of pragmatics in language?

Back 21

Rules for engaging in appropriate and effective communication

Front 22

Nativists believe that language development has a biological basis. They have used three major arguments to support their perspective. Which of the following arguments does not support their perspective?

Back 22

LAD (see above), there is a sensitive period for language development

Front 23

In regard to language development, Information Processing Theory proposes that:

Back 23

use reasoning, working memory and attention to explain

Front 24

In regard to language development, Sociocultural Theory proposes that:

Back 24

social interaction and culture aid in language development

Front 25

In regard to language acquisition, semantic development refers to:

Back 25

name explosion – suddent increase in infant’s vocabulary, especially nouns. Lexical words vs. grammatical words

Front 26

In regard to language acquisition, syntactic development refers to:

Back 26

child has learned that universal function of language: expression of thoughts, holophrase – single word that expresses a complete thought. 2 word sentences. Telegraphic speech – includes only words essential for meatning

Front 27

Janis uses "teddy bear" to refer to all of her stuffed toys. This is an example of:

Back 27

overgeneralization

Front 28

Infants and children form attachments with:

Back 28

caregivers

Front 29

Stranger anxiety first appears around ____________________ months of age.

Back 29

7 months to 2 years

Front 30

Positive attachment bonds remain important to development:

Back 30

on long-term development, positive interpersonal relationships

Front 31

Kegan and his mother are participating in the "strange situation" experiment. Kegan plays with the toys provided and hardly seems to notice when his mother leaves the room. When mother returns to the room, Kegan fails to greet her. Kegan's attachment classification is:

Back 31

insecure avoidant

Front 32

You have just stepped into the 4-year-old room at your local day care center. Moments later, Juanita approaches you with a book and her favorite bear. She wants to know if you would like to read a book. You surmise that Juanita is ____________attached to her primary caregiver.

Back 32

secure

Front 33

In regard to temperament, developmental psychologists believe that:

Back 33

it is a disposition in response to the world, ways in which emotions are expressed by an individual, affected by experience and social relationships

Front 34

Mr. Sanborne wants to promote emotional development in his 5th graders. Which of the following techniques is least likely to be effective?

Back 34

Provide a warm, trusting, and accepting environment. Encourage expression of feelings. Implement research-based principles to emotional development. Encourage children to identify others’ emotional reactions. Offer age-appropriate outlets of emotional expression. Discuss emotions experienced by characters in literature and history. Help children handle anxiety.

Front 35

Which one of the following best describes Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

Back 35

6 stages, describes important changes that do occur throughout life. Reflects the synthesis of nature, nurture, and individual motivation in development.

Front 36

From the perspective of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, children's ability to trust those around them stems from:

Back 36

their caregiver

Front 37

Kathleen is 2 years old. She very much wants to do things for herself dressing herself, brushing her teeth, and so on in the morning. Most of the time her mother will not let her do such things because she is so slow and clumsy. Today Mom tells Kathleen she can dress herself, but before long Mom is saying: "Kathleen, you've got your pants on backwards again! Can't you ever put your clothes on right? Here, let me do it. You're making me late for work." If Kathleen hears this kind of talk very often, Erikson suggests that Kathleen might be at risk for developing a sense of:

Back 37

shame and doubt

Front 38

Which one of the following best describes attachment in the early years?

Back 38

Child’s first bond. Enduring emotional tie that unites child to caregivers. Contributes far-reaching effects on children’s development.

Front 39

When a new child care provider picks up 11-month-old Ceci for the first time, Ceci screams hysterically and struggles to get away. Which one of the following is the most likely explanation for Ceci's behavior?

Back 39

Stranger anxiety

Front 40

While Mother fills out an application form at a new preschool, 18-month-old Colin happily explores a few toys nearby. When Mom momentarily steps out to use the washroom, Colin is upset, but quickly calms down and smiles upon her return. Colin's behavior is most consistent with a(n):

Back 40

secure attachment

Front 41

3 of the following factors are influential in young children's ability to form 1 or more secure attachments to caregivers. Which factor is least important?

Back 41

Children’s contributions/children’s dispositions (how they handle stress, anxiety, etc…)

Front 42

Three of the following strategies should help young children form healthy attachments to you (as caregiver) or their parents. Which one is not consistent with recommendations presented in the textbook?

Back 42

Encourage multiple attachments. Encourage social bonds in children. Encourage empathy in children. Be willing to seek professional guidance when serious attachment problems arise.

Front 43

Which one of the following statements is most accurate regarding gender differences in emotion?

Back 43

None in infancy. Early/Middle Childhood – boys are more likely to show anger than girls, girls are more likely to dwell on problems

Front 44

Which one of the following children is displaying extrinsic motivation?

Back 44

External factors unrelated to task and outside of the individual. (praise/rewards)

Front 45

The basic idea underlying operant conditioning is that:

Back 45

based on reinforcements and punishments. (positive and negative)

Front 46

Primary reinforcers are stimuli or events that:

Back 46

are needed biologically (food, comfort, sleep, etc…)

Front 47

Which one of the following is a primary reinforcer?

Back 47

Food, shelter, clothing, love, comfort…

Front 48

Curtis works hard at school because he knows it will lead to good grades, praise from his mother, and money from his father. It is clear that _____________________ are effective with Curtis.

Back 48

positive reinforcers/secondary reinforcers

Front 49

Sam is at the mall with his friends. The other boys are playing video games, but Sam is just watching. Although Sam knows that playing video games is fun, he wants to save up his money to buy a computer. It is clear, then, that Sam:

Back 49

understands delayed gratification

Front 50

Which one of the following statements best describes vicarious reinforcement?

Back 50

Behavior increases as a result of seeing someone else be rewarded for it

Front 51

Which one of the following examples illustrates vicarious reinforcement?

Back 51

See above

Front 52

Three of the following concepts reflect some degree of intrinsic motivation. Which one does not?

Back 52

Internal desire to perform a particular task

Front 53

Which of the following statements most clearly illustrates self-efficacy?

Back 53

Higher chance of activity being undertaken

Front 54

Only one of the following definitely illustrates high self-efficacy. Which one?

Back 54

Knowing what one likes, do what they know they are good at

Front 55

Which one of the following teenagers has situational interest rather than personal interest?

Back 55

Evoked by something in the environment; temporary

Front 56

Motivation is an important influence on behavior. Which of the following statements is not true about motivation?

Back 56

An internal process that activates, guides, and maintains behavior overtime. Motivation is what gets you going, keeps you going, and determines where you’re trying to go.