Chapter 1 To 3 Anatomy And Physiology Final Review

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

study of the body's structure, and the relationship between the structure of a body part and its function

Front 2

Physiology

Back 2

study of the processes or functions of living things

Front 3

How do anatomy and physiology relate to one another?

Back 3

Both can be considered at many different levels. Anatomy and physiology are dependent upon one another. For example, the structure of a body part (anatomy) is what makes it able to perform it's intended function and carry out processes in the body (physiology).

Studies of the human body must encompass both anatomy and physiology because strucutes, functions, and processes are interwoven.

Front 4

Differences in anatomy and physiology

Back 4

anatomy focuses on the structure of the body and body parts such as size shape and location of a structure

physiology: focuses on how the parts work and work together, often involves chemical physical and electrical processes within the body

Front 5

what is homeostasis?

Back 5

The existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body

Front 6

Briefly explain how this accomplished in organisms?

Back 6

organisms maintain homeostasis by using homeostatic mechanisms such as shivering or sweating to keep variables (volume, temperature, and chemical content of fluid around body cells) within a normal range. Also organ systems help keep the bodies internal environment relatively constant

Front 7

components of a negative feedback system:

receptor

control center

effector

Back 7

receptor: monitors the value of a variable

control center: receives information about the variable from the receptor, establishes the set point, and controls the effector

effector: produces responses that change the value of the variable

Front 8

fundament difference between negative feedback vs positive feedback

Back 8

-negative feedback: any deviation from the set point is made smaller or resisted. Therefore in a negative feedback mechanism, the response to the original stimulus results in the deviation from the set point becoming smaller

Positive feedback mechanisms occur when the response to the original stimulus results in the deviation from the set point becoming even greater.

Front 9

negative feedback example: thyroid

Back 9

1. The body temperature drops and is detected by sensory neurons that travel to the brain. (Receptor)
2. The brain, at the hypothalamus, releases thyroid releasing hormone that causes the pituitary to release thyroid stimulating hormone. (Control center)
3. Thyroid stimulating hormone activates the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone. This acts to increase metabolic rate thereby increasing body temperature. (Effector)

Front 10

negative feedback: blood pressure

Back 10

1. baroreceptor (receptors) detects pressure in aorta
2. nerves carry info to the control center
3. info examined
4. if response is necessary to maintain homeostasis, brain (control center) causes an effector to respond. In this case, nerves send information to the heart (effector)
5. heart (effector) rate will change and this controls blood pressure

Front 11

positive feedback system example: birth

Back 11

Birth example: near the end of pregnancy, the babys larger size stretch the uterus. The stretching stimulates contractions of the uterines muscles. The uterine contractions push the baby against the opening of the uterus and stretch it further. This stimulates additional contractions, which results in additional stretching. This positive sequence stops only when baby is delivered form the uterus and the stretching stimulus eliminated. Summary: stretching stimulates contractions, contractions make it stretch farther and oxytocin is released by brain, causes more oxytocin to be released, causing additional contractions, positive sequence continues until after baby is born and the stretching stimulus is eliminated

Front 12

Positive: blood clotting: 4 steps

Back 12

1. cut in skin
2. loose blood (blood volume decreases)
3. Signals thrombin production (chemical that helps clot)
4. thrombin stimulates the release of even more thrombin

Front 13

Thoracic cavity: where, surrounded by what, and what is it composed of, divided by what (and what is in this (4 things))

Back 13

The thoracic cavity is surrounded by the rib cage. It is separated form the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm (below the thoracic cavity). It is divided into right and left partitions by the mediastinum. The mediastinum contains the heart, trachea, thymus, esophagus. The two lungs are located on each side of the mediastinum

Front 14

Abdominal Cavity: what surrounds it, what is in it (6 things)

Back 14

Enclosed by abdominal muscles, and contains the stomach, liver, spleen, intestines, pancreas, and kidneys

Front 15

Pelvic cavity (what surrounds it), what is in it (3 things)

Back 15

Pelvic bones surround small space known as pelvic cavity. Urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs, part of large intestines

Front 16

an element is...

Back 16

the simplest type of matter, having unique chemical properties

Front 17

an atom is...

Back 17

the smallest particle of an element that has the chemical characteristics of that element

Front 18

Energy is...

Back 18

the capacity to do work- that is, to move matter

Front 19

Potential energy

Back 19

stored energy that could do work but is not doing so.

Front 20

Chemical energy

Back 20

energy of a substance is the potential energy stored within its chemical bonds

Front 21

Heat energy:

Back 21

the energy that flows between objects that are at different temperatures

Front 22

Kinetic energy

Back 22

the form of energy that is actually doing work and moving matter!

Front 23

what is an enzyme?

Back 23

Proteins that act as catalyst, they speed up the rate of chemical reactions by lowing the activation energy necessary for the reaction to begin

Front 24

Major difference in organic vs inorganic chemistry

Back 24

organic chemistry: organic molecules contain carbon and hydrogen atoms bound together by covalent bonds

inorganic chemistry: mostly deals with non-carbon containing substances, but does include some carbon containing substances, such as CO2 and carbon monoxide, that lack carbon hydrogen bonds

Front 25

Properties of water (chemical properties)

molecule of water is formed when an atom of oxygen forms what kind of bonds with two atoms of oxygen

Back 25

-polar covalent bonds

this gives a partial positive charge to the hydrogen atoms and a partial negative charge to the the oxygen.

-hydrogen bonds form between the + charged hydrogen atoms on one molecule and the negatively charged oxygen atoms of another water molecule.

Front 26

The attraction of water molecules is called:

The attractive forces of hydrogen bonds with other molecules it attracts is called:

Back 26

-cohesion


-adhesion

Front 27

Other properties of water:

Back 27

Stabilizing body temperature: water can absorb large amounts of heat and remain at a fairly stable temperature, so it helps body resist large temp changes bc it is a big component of blood

Front 28

Other properties of water:

Protection:

Chemical Reactions:

Back 28

Water is an effective lubricant that provides protection against damage, resulting from friction.

Many chemical reactions necessary for life won;t happen unless the reacting molecules are dissolved in water.

Mixing Medium: Waters ability to mix with other substances enables it to act as a medium for transport, moving substances from one part of the body to another.

Front 29

Carbohydrates

Back 29

Normally have ratio of 2 H and 1 O for every 1 Carbon. They can be broken down to provide the necessary energy for life.

Front 30

Lipids

Back 30

Like carbohydrates, they are composed principally of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but some lipids contain small amounts of other elements, such as phosphorus and nitrogen. -Imp. functions in body, provide protections an insulation, and help regulate many physiological processes

Front 31

Protein. which special element does it have? what are they made of? what do they do?

Back 31

Contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen** bound together by covalent bonds, and most proteins contain some sulfur.

Proteins regulate body processes, act as a transportation system, provide protection, help muscles contract, and provide structure and energy.

Front 32

nucleic acid

Back 32

large molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. DNA and RNA are nucleic acids. RNA plays an important role in protein synthesis

Front 33

golgi apparatus:

Back 33

modifies packages and distributes lipds and proteins produced by the endoplasmic reticulum

Front 34

secretory vesicles: carry stuff from where to where

Back 34

membrane bound sacs that carry substances form the golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane, where the contents of the vesicles are released by exocytosis

Front 35

perioxisomes -more specifically digest what:

Back 35

membrane-bound sacs containing enzymes that digest fatty acids and amino acids, as well as enzymes that catalyze the break-down of hydrogen peroxide

Front 36

Rough endoplasmic reticulum


Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Back 36

rough ER-where the ribosomes are and the site of protein synthesis

smooth ER- lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid production, detoxification, and calcium storage

Front 37

what is membrane potential

Back 37

-electrical charge difference across the plasma membrane is a result of the cells regulation of ion movement into and out of the cell.

Front 38

what is in the plasma membrane?

-percentage of each thing in the plasma membrane?

Back 38

-plasma membrane consists of 45-50% lipids, 45-50 % proteins, 4-8 % carbohydrates

Front 39

phospholipid

Back 39

phospholipid: form the lipid bilayer, hydrophilic heads on the outside, and hydrophobic tails on the inside. consists of a a phosphate group and a lipid.

Front 40

types of proteins in the plasma membrane:

-marker molecules
-attachment proteins
-transport proteins (types of transport proteins)

Back 40

-marker molecules: cell surface molecules that allow cells to identify other cells or other molecules. contain proteins in them

-attachment proteins: allow cells to attach to other cells or to extracellular or intracellular molecules

-integral proteins that allow ions or molecules to move from one side of the plasma membrane to the other.

-channel proteins, carrier proteins, atp-powered pumps

-receptor proteins: are proteins in the plasma membrane that have an exposed receptor site on the outer cell surface, which can attach to specific signals

Front 41

diffusion:

osmosis: what across what???

Back 41

-diffusion: movement of solutes from an area of higher solute to an area of lower solute concentration

-osmosis (water)*** : diffusion of water (solvent) across a selectively permeable membrane, such as a plasma membrane

Front 42

selectively permeable:

Back 42

-selectively permeable: means that the membrane allows water but not all the solutes dissolved in the water to diffuse through it

Front 43

facilitated diffusion: (passive or active?)

active transport: ?

Back 43

-is a carrier-mediated or channel-mediated passive membrane transport process that moves substances into or out of cells from higher to a lower concentration

-active transport: mediated transport process that requires energy provided by ATP. Movement of the transported substance to the opposite side of the membrane and its subsequent release from the ATP powered pump are fueled by the breakdown of ATP. Can move substances against their concentration gradient.

Front 44

Endocytosis: uptake of material through plasma by the formation of a vesicle

phagocytosis:

pinocytosis:

Back 44

phagocytosis: means "cell eating" solid particles are ingested and phagocytic vesicles are formed

pinocytosis: means cell "drinking" smaller vesicles form and contain molecules dissolved in liquid rather than particles