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118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
1.1 - Introduction
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1. Early interest in human body probably developed as people became concerned about injuries and illnesses.
2. Primitive doctors began to learn how certain herbs and potions affected body functions. 3. The belief that humans could understand forces that caused natural events led to the development of modern science. 4. A set of terms originating from Greek and Latin words is the basis for the language of anatomy and physiology. |
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1.2 - Anatomy and Physiology
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1. Anatomy describes the form and organization of body parts.
2. Physiology considers the functions of anatomical parts. 3. The function of a body part depends on the way it is constructed. |
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1.3 - Levels of organization
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The body is composed of parts with different levels of complexity.
1. Matter is composed of atoms. 2. Atoms join to form molecules. 3. Organelles are built of groups of large molecules (macromolecules). 4. Cells, which contain organelles, are the basic units of structure and function that form the body. 5. Cells are organized into tissues. 6. Tissues are organized into organs. 7. Organs that function closely together compose organ systems. 8. Organ systems constitute the organism. 9. Beginning at the atomic level, these levels of organization differ in complexity from one level to the next. |
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1.4 - Characteristics of Life
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These characteristics include:
1. Movement - changing body position or moving internal parts. 2. Responsiveness - sensing and reacting to internal or external changes. 3. Growth - increasing size without changing shape. 4. Reproduction - producing offspring. 5. Respiration - obtaining oxygen, using oxygen to release energy from foods, and removing gaseous wastes. 6. Digestion - breaking down food substances into component nutrients that the intestine can absorb. 7. Absorption - moving substances through membranes and into body fluids. 8. Circulation - moving substances through the body in body fluids. 9. Assimilation - changing substances into chemically different forms. 10. Excretion - removing body wastes. Acquisition and use of energy constitute metabolism. |
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1.5 - Maintenance of Life
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The structures and functions of body parts maintain the life of the organism.
1. Requirements of organisms a. Water is used in many metabolic processes, provides the environment for metabolic reactions, and transports substances. b. Food supplies energy, raw materials for building new living matter, and chemicals necessary in vital reactions. c. Oxygen releases energy from food materials. this energy drives metabolic reactions. d. Heat is a product of metabolic reactions and helps govern the rates of these reactions. e. Pressure is an application of force to something. in humans, atmospheric and hydrostatic pressure help breathing and blood movements, respectively. 2. Homeostasis a. If an organism is to survive, the conditions within its body fluids must remain relatively stable. b. Maintenance of a stable internal environment is called homeostasis. c. Homeostatic mechanisms help regulate body temperature and BP. d. Homeostatic mechanisms act through negative feedback. |
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Axial portion
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Includes head, neck, and trunk.
Within the axial portion are the cranial cavity, which houses the brain; the vertebral canal, which contains the spinal cord within the sections of the backbone; the thoracic cavity; and the abdominopelvic cavity. |
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Appendicular portion
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Includes the upper and lower limbs.
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Diaphragm
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A broad, thin skeletal muscle separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.
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Mediastinum
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Separates the thoracic cavity into two compartments, which contain the right and left lungs. Also, the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus are located here.
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Abdominal cavity
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The viscera within this cavity include the stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, and most of the small and large intestines.
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Pelvic cavity
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Portion of the abdominopelvic cavity enclosed by the hip bones. Contains the terminal portion of the large intestine, the urinary bladder, and the internal reproductive organs.
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Smaller cavities within the head:
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1. Oral cavity - containing the teeth and tongue.
2. Nasal cavity - located within the nose and divided into right and left portions by a nasal septum. 3. Orbital Cavities - Containing the eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves. 4. Middle ear cavities - containing the middle ear bones. |
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Integumentary system
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Organs include the skin and various accessory organs, such as the hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. They protect underlying tissues, help regulate body temperature, house a variety of sensory receptors, and synthesize certain products.
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Skeletal system
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Consists of bones, as well as ligaments and cartilages that bind bones together. These parts provide frameworks and protective shields for softer tissues, are attachments for muscles, and act with muscles when body parts move. Tissues within bones also produce blood cells and store inorganic salts.
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The Muscular System
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By contracting and pulling their ends closer together, muscles provide forces that move body parts. They also maintain posture and are the main source of body heat.
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The nervous system
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Consists of the brain, the spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs. The cells communicate with each other and with other muscles and glands using chemical signals called neurotransmitters.
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The Endocrine System
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Includes all the glands that secrete chemical messengers called hormones. The hormones move away from the glands in body fluids, such as blood or tissue fluid. A particular hormone affects only a particular group of cells, called its target cells. A hormone alters the metabolism of its target cells. Compared to nerve impulses, hormonal effects occur over a relatively longer time period. Organs of this system includes the hypothalamus of the brain; the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands; and the pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, and thymus.
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The Cardiovascular system
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Includes the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood. The heart is a muscular pump that helps force blood through the blood vessels. Blood transports gases, nutrients, hormones, and wastes. It carries oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive organs to all body cells, where these biochemicals are used in metabolic processes. Blood also transports hormones and carries wastes from body cells to the excretory organs, where the wastes are removed form the bloody and released to the outside.
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The lymphatic system
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Is closely related to the cardiovascular system. It is composed of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, and a fluid called lymph. This system transports some of the tissue fluid back to the bloodstream and carries certain fatty substances away from the digestive organs and into the bloodstream. Cells of this system are called lymphocytes, and they defend the body against infections by removing disease-causing microorganisms and viruses form tissue fluid.
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The Digestive System
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Receive foods from the outside. Then they break down food molecules into simpler forms that can pass through cell membranes and be absorbed. Materials that are not absorbed are transported back to the outside and eliminated. Certain digestive organs also produce hormones and thus function as parts of the endocrine system. Includes the mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, and large intestine.
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The respiratory system
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Moves air in and out and exchanges gases between the blood and the air. More specifically, oxygen passes from the air within the lungs into the blood, and carbon dioxide leaves the blood and enters the air. The nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs are parts of this system.
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The Urinary System
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Consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys remove wastes from blood and help maintain the body's water and salt concentrations. The product of these activities is urine.
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Reproductive system
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Produces whole new organisms like itself.
The male reproductive system includes the scrotum, testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis, and urethra. These parts produce and maintain sperm cells. The female reproductive system consists of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and vulva. The organs produce and maintain the female sex cells, transport the female sex cells within the female reproductive system, and can receive the male sex cells for the possibility of fertilizing an egg. |
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Anatomical Position
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This means that the body is standing erect, face forward, with the upper limbs at the sides and the palms forward.
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Superior
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Means that a body part is above another part.
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Inferior
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Means that a body part is below another body part.
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Anterior (ventral)
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Means toward the front
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Posterior (dorsal)
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Means toward the back
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Medial
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Refers to an imaginary midline dividing the body into equal right and left halves. A body part is medial if it is closer to the midline than another part. (The nose is medial to the eyes).
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Lateral
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Means toward the side, away from the imaginary midline. (The ears are lateral to the eyes.)
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Bilateral
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Refers to paired structures, one of which is on each side.
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Ipsilateral
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Refers to structures on the same side.
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Contralateral
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Refers to structures on the opposite side.
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Proximal
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Describes a body part that is closer to a point of attachment to the the trunk than another body part. (The elbow is proximal to the wrist.)
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Distal
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Is the opposite of proximal. It means that a particular body part is father from a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part is.
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Superficial
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Means situated near the surface.
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Deep
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Describes parts that are more internal than superficial parts.
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Sagittal
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Refers to a lengthwise plane that divides the body into right and left portions. If a sagittal plane passes along the midline and thus divides the body into equal parts, it is called median. A sagittal section lateral to midline is called parasaggital.
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Transverse
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Refers to a plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions.
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Frontal
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Refers to a plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.
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Epigastric region
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Upper middle portion
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Right and Left hypochondriac regions
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Lie on each side of the epigastric region
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Umbilical region
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Middle portion
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Right and Left lumbar regions
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Lie on each side of the umbilical region
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Hypogastric region
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Lower middle portion
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Right and Left iliac (inguinal) regions
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Lie on each side of the hypogastric region.
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Abdominal
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The region between the thorax and pelvis
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Acromial
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The point of the shoulder
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Antebrachial
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The forearm
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Antecubital
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The space in front of the elbow
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Axillary
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The armpit
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Brachial
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The arm
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Buccal
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The cheek
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Carpal
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The wrist
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Celiac
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The abdomen
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Cephalic
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The head
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Cervical
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The neck
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Costal
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The ribs
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Coxal
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The hip
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Crural
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The leg
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Cubital
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The elbow
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Digital
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The finger or toe
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Dorsal
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The back
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Femoral
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The thigh
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Frontal
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The forehead
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Genital
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The reproductive organs
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Gluteal
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The buttocks
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Inguinal
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The groin - the depressed area of the abdominal wall near the thigh.
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Lumbar
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The loin - the region of the lower back between the ribs and the pelvis.
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Mammary
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The breast
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Mental
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The chin
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Nasal
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The nose
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Occipital
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The lower posterior region of the head
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Oral
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The mouth
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Orbital
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The bony socket of the eye.
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Palmar
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The palm of the hand.
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Patellar
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The front of the knee
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Pectoral
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The chest
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Pedal
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The foot
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Pelvic
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The pelvis
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Perineal
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The perineum - the region between the anus and the external reproductive organs.
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Plantar
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The sole of the foot
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Popliteal
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The area behind the knee
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Sacral
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The posterior region between the hip bones
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Sternal
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The middle of the thorax, anteriorly.
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Sural
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The calf of the leg
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Tarsal
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The instep of the foot
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Umbilical
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The navel
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Vertebral
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The spinal column
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Cardiology
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Branch of medical science dealing with the heart and heart diseases.
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Cytology
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Study of the structure, function, and abnormalities of cells. Cytology and histology are subdivisions of microscopic anatomy.
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Dermatology
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Study of the skin and its diseases.
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Endocrinology
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Study of hormones, hormone-secreting glands, and their disease.
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Epidemiology
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Study of the factors determining the distribution and frequency of health-related conditions in a defined human population.
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Gastroenterology
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Study of the stomach and intestines and their diseases.
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Geriatrics
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Branch of medicine dealing with older individuals and their medical problems.
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Gerontology
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Study of the aging process.
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Geriatrics
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Branch of medicine dealing with older individuals and their medical problems.
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Gynecology
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Study of the female reproductive system and its diseases.
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Hematology
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Study of the blood and blood diseases.
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Histology
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Study of the structure and function of tissues. Histology and cytology are subdivisions of microscopic anatomy.
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Immunology
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Study of the bod's resistance to infections disease.
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Neonatology
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Study of newborns and the treatment
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Nephrology
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Study of the structure, function, and diseases of the kidneys.
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Neurology
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Study of the nervous system and its disorders.
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Obstetrics
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Branch of medicine dealing with pregnancy and childbirth.
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Oncology
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Study of cancers.
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Ophthalmology
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Study of the eye and eye disease.
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Orthopedics
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Branch of medicine dealing with the muscular and skeletal systems and their problems.
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Otolaryngology
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Study of the ear, throat, and larynx, and their diseases.
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Pathology
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Study of structural and functional changes that disease causes.
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Pediatrics
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Branch of medicine dealing with children and their diseases.
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Pharmacology
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Study of drugs and their uses in the treatment of disease.
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Podiatry
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Study of the care and treatment of feet.
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Psychiatry
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Branch of medicine dealing with the mind and it's disorders.
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Radiology
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Study of X-rays and radioactive substances and their uses in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
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Toxicology
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Study of poisonous substances and their effects upon body parts.
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Urology
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Branch of medicine dealing with the urinary system, apart from the kidneys and the male reproductive system, and their diseases.
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