Intro To Anatomy And Physiology Lesson 1

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

Deals with the form and structure of the body and is parts- what things look like and where they're located

Front 2

Physiology

Back 2

Deals with the functions of the body and it's parts- how things work and what they do

Front 3

Microscopic anatomy

Back 3

Deals with structures so smallwe need a microscope to see them clearly- cells and tissues

Front 4

Macroscopic anatomy

Back 4

Also called gross anatomy, deals with body parts large enough to be seen with the unaided eye, such as organs, muscle, and bone

Front 5

Regional anatomy

Back 5

Regions of the body

Front 6

Systemic anatomy

Back 6

Systems of the body

Front 7

Skeletal body system

Back 7

Bones and joints

Front 8

Integumentary body system

Back 8

Skin, hair, nails, & hooves

Front 9

Nervous body system

Back 9

Central nervous system and peripheral nerves

Front 10

Cardiovascular body system

Back 10

Heart and blood vessels

Front 11

Respirator body system

Back 11

Lungs & air passageways

Front 12

Digestive body system

Back 12

Gastrointestinal tube and accessory digestive organs

Front 13

Muscular body system

Back 13

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle

Front 14

Sensory body system

Back 14

Organs of general and special sense

Front 15

Endocrine body system

Back 15

Endocrine glands and hormone

Front 16

Urinary body system

Back 16

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and uretha

Front 17

Reproductive body system

Back 17

Male and female reproductive structures

Front 18

Planes of reference

Back 18

Any of four basic imaginary slices through an animal body oriented at right angle to each other

Front 19

Sagittal plane

Back 19

Plane that runs the length of the body and divides it into left and right parts that are not necessarily equal halves

Front 20

Median plane

Back 20

A special kind of sagittal plane that runs down the center of the body lengthwise and divides it into equal left and right halves (mid sagittal plane)

Front 21

Transverse plane

Back 21

A plane across the body that divides it into cranial (head end) and caudal (tail end) parts that are not necessarily equal

Front 22

Dorsal plane

Back 22

A plane at right angle to the sagittal and transverse plane. Divides the body into dorsal (toward the animals back) and ventral (towards the animals belly) parts that are not necessarily equal

Front 23

Cranial

Back 23

Towards the head (cranium)

Front 24

Caudal

Back 24

Towards the tail (cauda)

Front 25

Xiphoid process

Back 25

The caudal end of the sternum (breast bone)

Front 26

Superior

Back 26

Used in place of cranial in humans

Front 27

Inferior

Back 27

Used in place of caudal in humans

Front 28

Rostral

Back 28

Towards the tip of the nose (rostrum)

Front 29

Dorsal

Back 29

Towards the back (top surface) of a standing animal

Front 30

Ventral

Back 30

Towards the belly (bottom surface) of a standing animal

Front 31

Posterior

Back 31

Takes the place of dorsal in humans

Front 32

Anterior

Back 32

Takes place of ventral in humans

Front 33

Medial

Back 33

Means towards the median plane (center line of body)

Front 34

Lateral

Back 34

Means away from the median plane

Front 35

Deep

Back 35

Towards the center of the body or a body part (internal)

Front 36

Superficial

Back 36

Towards the surface of the body or body part. (External)

Front 37

Proximal

Back 37

Used to describe positions only on extremities, such as leg, ears, tail, relative to the body. Proximal means towards the body

Front 38

Distal

Back 38

Used to describe positions only on extremities, such as legs, ears, tail, relative to the body. Distal means away from the body

Front 39

Carpus

Back 39

Proximal-Distal dividing line for the front leg is the proximal end of the carpus (Equivalent to our wrist)

Front 40

Tarsus

Back 40

The dividing line for the rear leg is the proximal end of the Tarsus (equivalent to our ankle )

Front 41

Palmar surface

Back 41

The back surface of the front leg from the carpus distal is called the Palmar surface - like the palm of our hand

Front 42

Plantar surface

Back 42

The back of the hind leg from the Tarsus distally is called the plantar surface

Front 43

Bilateral symmetry

Back 43

Means that the left and right halves of an animals body are essentially mirror image of each other

Front 44

Gastrointestinal tract (GI)

Back 44

Stomach, small intestine and large intestine

Front 45

Dorsal body cavity

Back 45

Consists of two parts, cranial cavity in the skull and a long narrow spinal cavity running down the spine.

Front 46

Cranium

Back 46

The cranial cavity is also known as the cranium. Protects the brain

Front 47

Spinal canal

Back 47

Also known as spinal cavity.

Front 48

Ventral body cavity

Back 48

Contains most of the soft organs (viscera)

Front 49

Thorax

Back 49

Thin diaphragm muscle into the cranial thoracic cavity, also known as thorax or chest and the caudal abdominal cavity, also known as the abdomen

Front 50

Pleura

Back 50

All the organs in the thoracic cavity are covered by a thin membrane called pleura.

Front 51

Visceral layer

Back 51

The layer that covers the organs is called the visceral late of the pleura because it lies right of the viscera (the organs)

Front 52

Parietal layer

Back 52

The layer that lines the quilt thoracic cavity is called the parietal layer of pleura

Front 53

Inflammation

Back 53

When the pleural surfaces become thickened and roughed by inflammation. A condition called pleurisy or pleurisy

Front 54

Tissues

Back 54

When specialized cell groups form together

Front 55

Epithelial tissue

Back 55

Is composed entirely of cells, and is main jobs are to cover body surfaces, secrete meterials, and absorb materials

Front 56

Connective tissue

Back 56

Holds the body together

Front 57

Adipose tissue

Back 57

Commonly called fat tissue, very firm such as cartilage and bone

Front 58

Muscle tissue

Back 58

Moves the body inside and out. 3 types- skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle & smooth muscle

Front 59

Skeletal muscle

Back 59

Moves the bone of the skeleton and is under conscious nervous system control

Front 60

Cardiac muscle

Back 60

Makes up the heat and world "automatically" (no conscious effort required)

Front 61

Smooth muscle

Back 61

Found in internal organs such as the digestive tract and urinary bladder. Also works automatically

Front 62

Nervous tissue

Back 62

Transmits information around the body and controls body functions.

Front 63

Organs

Back 63

Made up of groups of tissues that work together for common purpose

Front 64

Systems

Back 64

Most complex level of body organization. Groups of organs that are involved in a common set of activities

Front 65

Digestive system

Back 65

Concerned with obtaining, digesting & absorbing nutrients to fuel the rest of the body

Front 66

Health

Back 66

State of normal anatomy and physiology

Front 67

Homeostasis

Back 67

Maintenence of a dynamic equilibrium in the body

Front 68

Equilibrium

Back 68

Refers to balance

Front 69

Polar

Back 69

Meaning they have sense of direction relative to surrounding structures

Front 70

Apical surface

Back 70

Faces the lumen or body cavity

Front 71

Basal surface

Back 71

Faces the underlying connective tissue

Front 72

Cell junctions

Back 72

The junctional attachments that connect epithelial cells

Front 73

Microvilli

Back 73

Epithelial cells that have irregular surfaces that are covered with fingerlike projections

Front 74

Celia

Back 74

Hairlike projections

Front 75

Simple epithelium

Back 75

Is a single layer of cells

Front 76

Stratified epithelium

Back 76

Multiple layers of epithelial cells

Front 77

Multicellular exorcize glands

Back 77

Majority of the glands present in most animals

Front 78

Endocrine glands

Back 78

Those that secrete their products directly into the blood and lymph vessels

Front 79

Collagenous fibers

Back 79

Found in tendons and ligaments

Front 80

Reticular fibers

Back 80

Found in highly cellular organs such as lymph nodes

Front 81

Elastic fibers

Back 81

Found in tissues that stretch such as vocal cords and skin

Front 82

Fixed cells

Back 82

Remain in connective tissue and include fibroblasts, fat cells and reticular cells

Front 83

Transient cells

Back 83

Wander in and out of the connective tissues as needed

Front 84

Dense and loose connective tissues

Back 84

Both embedded in a matrix of elastin and collagen

Front 85

Adipose tissue

Back 85

Embedded in a lipid matrix. They store fat and have wide distribution in organisms

Front 86

Cartilage cells

Back 86

Embedded in a matrix of collagen. Cartilage makes up most of the respiratory passages and is also found in ears

Front 87

Bone cells (osteocytes)

Back 87

Also embedded in a matrix of collagen and minerals and form the skeleton of an organism

Front 88

Blood

Back 88

Represents a unique type of connective tissue in that the cells aren't embedded in a non living matrix but are freely flowing through it, such as plasma

Front 89

Erythrocytes

Back 89

Red blood cells

Front 90

Leukocytes

Back 90

White blood cells

Front 91

Membranes

Back 91

Connective and epithelial tissues are linked to form structure called membranes

Front 92

Mucous membranes

Back 92

Line the organs of the reproductive, urinary and respiratory tract systems

Front 93

Lamina propria

Back 93

Loose connective tissue layer

Front 94

Submucosa

Back 94

Second connective tissue layer

Front 95

Serous membranes

Back 95

Line the organs within the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities

Front 96

Visceral layer

Back 96

The layer closest to the organ

Front 97

Parietal layer

Back 97

Layer closest to the body cavity

Front 98

Mesenteries

Back 98

The visceral layer of the serous membranes becomes merged to form supportive ligaments

Front 99

Cutaneous membranes

Back 99

Are also known as the integumentary, which is considered to be an organ system

Front 100

Synovial membranes

Back 100

Line the joint cavities and are composed only of loose connective and adipose tissue

Front 101

Synovial fluid

Back 101

Which reduces friction in the joint spaces

Front 102

Muscle tissues

Back 102

Consist of specialized cells that can be shortened to produce movement when stimulated

Front 103

Granulation tissues

Back 103

Composed of collagen fibers permeated with many capillaried, this protects the injured area from further damage

Front 104

Inflammation

Back 104

The bodies attempt to limit further damage

Front 105

Vasoconstriction

Back 105

The blood vessels narrow and cause a decrease in blood flow to the area

Front 106

Vasodilation

Back 106

Widening of the blood vessels

Front 107

First intention healing

Back 107

Where granulation tissue isn't formed and the wounded edges heal quickly

Front 108

Second intention healing

Back 108

Formation of granulation tissue