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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The capacity to do work |
Energy |
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Measure of how much the energy of a system is dispersed |
Entropy |
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Energy cannot be created or destroyed |
First law of thermodynamics |
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The energy of motion |
Kinetic Energy |
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Potential Energy |
Stored energy |
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Second law of thermodynamics |
Energy disperses spontaneously |
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Minimum amount of energy required to start a reaction |
Activation energy |
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Decribes a reaction that requires a net input of free energy to proceed |
Endergonic |
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Describes a reaction that ends with a net release of free energy |
Exergonic |
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A molecule that is produced from a reaction |
Product |
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A molecule that enters a reaction and is changed by participating in it. |
Reactant |
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Pocket in an enzyme where substrates bind and a reaction occurs. |
Active Site |
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The acceleration of a reaction rate by a molecule that is unchanged by participating in the reaction |
Catalysis |
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Substrate binding to an active site improves the fit between the two. |
Induced-fit model |
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Of an enzyme, a reactant that is specifically acted upon by the enzyme. |
Substrate |
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Control of enzyme activity by a regulatory molecule or ion that binds to a region outside the enzyme's active site. |
Alosteric Regulation |
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Array of enzymes and other molecules that accept and give up electrons in sequence, thus releasing the energy of the electrons in steps. |
Electron Transfer Chain |
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Regulatory mechanism in which a change that results from some activity decreases or stops the activity. |
Feedback Inhibition |
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Series of enzyme mediated reactions by which cells build, remodel, or break down an organic molecule. |
Metabolic Pathway |
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Oxidation-reduction reaction, in which one molecule accepts electrons(it becomes reduced) from another molecule (which becomes oxidized). Also called electron transfer. |
Redox Reaction |
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Substance that prevents oxidation of other molecules |
Antioxidant |
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Process by which cells regenerate ATP. ADP forms when a phosphate group is removed from ATP, then forms again as ADP gains a phosphate group. |
ATP/ADP Cycle |
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An organic cofactor |
Coenzyme |
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A metal ion or organic compound that associates with an enzyme and is necessary for its function. |
Cofactor |
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A phosphate-group transfer |
Phosphorylation |
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Diffusion |
Spontaneous spreading of molecules or ions moving from high concentration to low concentration. |
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Hypertonic |
Describes a fluid that has a high solute concentration relative to another fluid separated by a semipermeable membrane. Fluid with higher concentration of solutes. |
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Hypotonic |
Describes a fluid that has a low solute concentration relative to another fluid separated by a semipermeable membrane. Fluid with a low concentration of solutes. |
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Isotonic |
Two fluids with identical solute concentrations and separated by a semipermeable membrane. |
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Osmosis |
Diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane; occurs in response to a difference in solute concentration between two fluids on either side of the membrane. |
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Amount of turgor that prevents osmosis into cytoplasm or other hypertonic fluid. |
Osmotic Pressure |
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Turgor |
Pressure that a fluid exerts against a structure that contains it. |
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Energy requiring mechanism in which a transport protein pumps a solute across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient. |
Active Transport |
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Passive transport mechanism in which a solute follows it's concentration gradient across a membrane by moving through a transport protein. |
Facilitated Diffusion |
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Membrane crossing mechanism that requires no energy input. |
Passive Transport |
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Process by which a cell takes in a small amount of extracellular fluid (and it's contents) by ballooning inward of the plasma membrane. |
Endocytosis |
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Process by which a cell expels a vesicles contents to extracellular fluid |
Exocytosis |
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"Cell eating" an endocytic pathway by which a cell engulfs particles such as microbes or cellular debris |
Phagocytosis |