Ch 7

Front 1

Prokaryotes

Back 1

▪️Domains: Bacteria or Archaea

▪Unicellular

▪️Lacks a nucleus

▪️ Cytoplasm (aqueous solution)

▪️Contains few organelles or cytoskeletal components

▪️ Ribosomes; no membrane

▪️May have flagella on outer cell walls for movement

▪️ Asexual reproduction (binary fission)

Front 2

Eukaryotes

Back 2

▪️ Domain: Eukarya

▪️ Cells contain nucleus

▪️ Numerous membrane-bound organelles & extensive cytoskeleton

▪️ Unicellular or multicellular

Front 3

Bacterial chromosome

Back 3

Containing the genetic information, the DNA coils on itself with help of enzymes to form a "supercoiled" structure to fit inside the cell.

Front 4

Genes

Back 4

Segments of DNA that contain information for building functional RNAs, which may be used to make polypeptides called genes.

Front 5

Nucleoid

Back 5

In prokaryotic cells, a dense, centrally located region that contains DNA but is not surrounded by a membrane.

Front 6

Plasmids

Back 6

Supercoiled DNA molecules that contain genes but are physically independent of the cellular chromosome.

They help cells adapt to initial circumstances such as presents of a poison in the environment.

Front 7

Ribosomes

Back 7

The site of protein synthesis. The proteins made here stay inside the cell.

Not considered organelles as they lack a membrane.

Front 8

Cells basic units

Back 8

▪️ nucleic acid to store genetic info

▪️proteins to do work

▪️ carbohydrates for energy

▪️Plasma membrane to maintain a metabolism

Front 9

Cell theory

Back 9

▪️ all organisms are made up of cells

▪️ All cells arise from pre-existing cells

Discovered by Robert Hooke

Front 10

Endosymbionts Theory

Back 10

Ancestral eukaryote engulfs ancestral prokaryote, merge, and eventually evolved into an organelle such as mitochondrion or a chloroplast.

Front 11

Invagination theory

Back 11

(Ancestral eukaryote) Plasma membrane folds in on itself, forming inner compartments that became organelles.

Front 12

Chloroplasts and mitochondria

Back 12

▪️ have their own DNA and Ribosomes

▪️Inherited with oocyte; reproduce by binary fission

▪️ Organelles are double-membrane bound

▪️ Inner membrane composition more like bacteria

▪️Outer membrane composition more like eukaryotes

Front 13

Nucleus

Back 13

Stores the DNA and also makes the small and large proteins that combine to make a ribosome.

Contains the nucleolus.

Front 14

Cytoskeleton

Back 14

▪️ acts as the inner scaffolding of the cell

▪️ Provides shape and support

▪️ Controls intracellular traffic flow

▪️ Enables movement

Front 15

Mitochondria

Back 15

The site of cellular respiration and produces most of the cells ATP.

Front 16

Lysosomes

Back 16

▪️ form from the Golgi body

▪️ There enzymes inside break down organelles or other substances

Front 17

Cytoplasm

Back 17

?

Front 18

Plasma membrane

Back 18

?

Function

Structure

Transport

Front 19

Active transport

Back 19

In reference to the plasma membrane, active endocytosis and exocytosis.

Front 20

Passive transport

Back 20

In reference to the plasma membrane, diffusion osmosis and facilitated diffusion

Front 21

Diffusion

Back 21

?

Front 22

Osmosis

Back 22

?

Front 23

Endocytosis

Back 23

?

▪️ Phagocytosis: a type of endocytosis by which cells engulf large particles

Front 24

Exocytosis

Back 24

Actively transports substances that are too large in size or quantity to pass through the transmembrane protein.

▪️ Molecules are packaged in a vesicle within the cell

▪️ The vesicle fuses with the cells plasma membrane

▪️ Vesicle contents are released for use throughout the body

Front 25

Facilitated diffusion

Back 25

?

Front 26

Peroxisomes

Back 26

?

Front 27

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Back 27

▪️ is studded with ribosomes

?

Front 28

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Back 28

▪️ produces lipids and detoxifies substances like alcohol, medication, and hormones

Front 29

Golgi apparatus

Back 29

▪️ protein processing and packaging

▪️ Sorted into transport vesicles for transport

▪️ Proteins have tags on them for identification so that they know where to go and what to do with them?

Front 30

Cell wall

Back 30

▪️ provides the cell with structural strength

▪️ Gives the cell increased water resistance

▪️ Provides some protection from insects and other animals that might eat plant parts

▪️ Plasmodesmata allow water and other molecules to pass between adjacent cells

Front 31

(Central) Vacuole

Back 31

▪️ Stores nutrients

▪️ Retains and degrades waste products

▪️ Accumulates poisonous materials

▪️ Contains pigments, enabling plants to attract birds and insects that help the plant reproduce

▪️ Provides physical support

Front 32

Chloroplasts ( and other plastids)

Back 32

▪️ site of photosynthesis: the conversion of light energy into chemical energy. ATP production.

Front 33

Animal cells contain

Back 33

No cell wall, no central vacuole, no chloroplasts

Front 34

Plant cells contain

Back 34

▪️ chloroplasts in other plastids

A cell wall containing cellulose surrounding the cell membrane which is impermeable

▪️ A central vacuole

Front 35

Most cells are _____ to their environments.

Back 35

Hypertonic

Front 36

DNA must ______ and become chromosomes to fit inside the cell.

Back 36

Coil

Front 37

All prokaryotes are ______ whereas most eukaryotes are _______.

Back 37

Unicellular

Multicellular

Front 38

____________ are much smaller and simpler than eukaryotes.

Back 38

Prokaryotes

Front 39

Eukaryotes probably evolved following two processes:

Back 39

Endosymbiosis and invagination

Front 40

_______ are extra DNA and maybe found inside prokaryotes.

Back 40

Plasmids

Front 41

All organisms on earth contain all organisms on earth contain:

Back 41

Plasma membranes

Cytoplasm

DNA

Ribosomes

And a few compartmentalised areas inside the cell that are separate from the rest of the cytoplasm

Front 42

Compartmentalization offers two advantages:

Back 42

▪️ chemical reactions can be separated from each other and their efficiency increased

??

Front 43

DNA is not used directly to make proteins so copies of DNA must be created so that _______ can occur.

Back 43

Protein synthesis

In eukaryotes, this is especially true since the DNA is separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear membrane.

Front 44

Protein synthesis at ____________ produces proteins for use inside the cell whereas protein synthesis at the ___________ produces proteins for export from the cell.

Back 44

Free ribosomes

Rough ER

Front 45

_________ are produced by the nucleolus and exported to the cytoplasm.

Back 45

Ribosomes

Front 46

___________ do not float freely in the nucleus; they are attached to a spot on the nuclear lamina.

Back 46

Chromosomes

Front 47

Vesicles connect the smooth ER and rough ER to the _______.

Back 47

Golgi apparatus

Front 48

Vesicles from the Golgi fuse with the plasma membrane during ______.

Back 48

Exocytosis

Front 49

Vesicles formed as the plasma membrane folds in on itself during ________

Back 49

Endocytosis

Front 50

______ keeps wastes from building up inside the cell.

Back 50

Lysosomes

Front 51

Mitochondria and chloroplasts probably originated by ______.

Back 51

Endosymbiosis

Front 52

The rough ER, smooth ER, and Golgi probably originated by ________

Back 52

Invagination

Front 53

The dominant forces inside a cell come from the charged molecules and how they interact as well as from the __________.

Back 53

Kinetic energy of motion

Front 54

Protein fibers called ________ are inside of cells and are used for support and movement.

Back 54

Actin filaments

Front 55

Larger protein fibers called ________ are used during mitosis and meiosis.

Back 55

Microtubules