Ch. 11 How Cells Reproduce

Front 1

Reproductive mode of eukaryotes by which offspring arise from a single parent only.

Back 1

Asexual Reproduction

Front 2

A series of events from the time a cell forms until it's cytoplasm devides.

Back 2

Cell Cycle

Front 3

Name and describe the steps of the cycle shown above.

Back 3

Front 4

Chromosomes with the same length, shape, and genes.

Back 4

Homologous Chromosomes

Front 5

In a eukaryotic cell cycle, the interval between mitotic divisions when a cell grows, roughly doubles the number of its cytoplasmic components, and replicates it's DNA. a cell spends most of its life in this interval.

Back 5

Interphase

Front 6

Nuclear division mechanism that maintains the chromosome number.

Back 6

Mitosis

Hint 6

The basis of increases in body size, tissue remodeling during development as well as ongoing replacements of damaged or dead cells.

Front 7

In the cell cycle. The interval of growth before DNA replication. The cells chromosomes are unduplicated.

Back 7

G1 (gap1)

Front 8

Interval of time in the cell cycle in which the cell copies it's DNA. the time of synthesis.

Back 8

S phase

Front 9

The interval of the cell cycle after DNA replication and before mitosis. The cell prepares to divide during this stage.

Back 9

G2 (gap 2)

Front 10

The final interval in the cell cycle in which the nucleus and cytoplasm divide and each descendant cell (daughter cells) begins the cycle anew in interphase.

Back 10

Mitosis

Front 11

These components are built within the cell cycle in order to stop the cycle from proceeding until certain conditions are met.

Back 11

Checkpoints

Front 12

Stage of mitosis during which sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite spindle poles. each sister chromatid has now become an individual, unduplicated chromosome.

Back 12

Anaphase

Hint 12

Front 13

Stage of mitosis at which all chromosomes are aligned midway between spindle poles.

Back 13

Metaphase

Hint 13

Front 14

Stage of mitosis during which chromosomes become visible as they condense. One of the two centrosomes moves to the opposite of the cell as the nuclear envelope breaks up completely. Spindle microtubules assemble and bind to chromosomes at the centromere. Sister chromatids become attached to opposite centrosomes.

Back 14

Prophase

Hint 14

Front 15

Temporary structure that moves chromosomes during nuclear division; consists of microtubules.

Back 15

Spindle

Front 16

Stage of mitosis during which chromosomes arrive at opposite spindle poles and decondense (loosen up). Mitosis ends when a new nuclear envelope forms around each cluster of chromosomes.

Back 16

Telophase

Hint 16

Front 17

A disk-shaped structure that forms during cytokinesis in a plant cell; matures as a cross wall between the two new nuclei.

Back 17

Cell Plate

Front 18

In a dividing animal cell, the indentation where cytoplasmic division will occur.

Back 18

Cleavage Furrow

Front 19

Cytoplasmic division

Back 19

Cytokinesis

Front 20

A band of actin and myosin filaments that wraps around an animal cell's midsection during cytokinesis.

Back 20

Contractile Ring

Front 21

Name and describe cytoplasmic division of animal cells.

Back 21

Front 22

Noncoding, repetitive DNA sequence at the end of chromosomes; protects the coding sequences from degradation.

Back 22

Telomeres

Hint 22

Provide a buffer against the loss of more valuable internal DNA.

Front 23

"Immortal cells" found in few numbers in adult cells that retain the ability to divide indefinitely, replacing cell lineages that die out.

Back 23

Stem Cells

Front 24

Enzymes that are continuously produced by stem cells. They reverse the telomere shortening that normally occurs after DNA replication.

Back 24

Telomerase

Front 25

The amount of nucleotides typically shortened off a eukaryotic chromosome with each DNA replication.

Back 25

100

Front 26

Disease that occurs when a malignant neoplasm physically and metabolically disrupts body tissues.

Back 26

Cancer

Front 27

Molecule that stimulates mitosis and differentiate.

Back 27

Growth Factor

Front 28

The process in which malignant cells spread from one part of the body to another.

Back 28

Metastasis

Front 29

An accumulation of abnormally dividing cells.

Back 29

Neoplasm

Front 30

Gene that helps transform a normal cell into a tumor cell. A gene with tumor causing mutation.

Back 30

Oncogene

Front 31

Gene that, by mutation, can become an oncogene. Gene encoding proteins that promote mitosis.

Back 31

Proto-oncogene

Front 32

A neoplasm that forms a lump

Back 32

Tumor

Front 33

Gene products that inhibit motosis

Back 33

Tumor Suppressors

Front 34

The process in which cells form a single layer then stop dividing. If some are damaged or scraped away, the remaining cells divide to replace the cells lost and stop once a new single layer is formed.

Back 34

Density dependent inhibition

Front 35

A characteristic of transformed cells, such as malignant cells, do not require a growing surface and form high density colonies.

Back 35

No density dependent inhibition

Front 36

A characteristic of Cells that require a growing surface.

Back 36

Anchorage Dependence

Front 37

The cells of Henrietta Lacks in which were used in medical research. Through them were discovered that cancer cells were immortal (provided nutrients). They have been multiplying in culture ever since 1951.

Back 37

HeLa Cells

Front 38

Describe the difference between benign and malignant cells.

Back 38