Ch 07 - The Skeleton

Front 1

skeletal system

Back 1

system consisting of bones, cartilages, joints, and ligaments; roughly 20% of body mass

Hint 1

Front 2

long bones

Back 2

bones longer than they are wide; limb bones

Hint 2

Front 3

short bones

Back 3

cube-shaped bones; wrists and ankles

Hint 3

Front 4

sesamoid bones

Back 4

special type of short bones, form within tendons; patella (kneecap)

Hint 4

Front 5

flat bones

Back 5

thin bones; sternum, skull

Hint 5

Front 6

irregular bones

Back 6

bones with complicated shapes; vertebrae, hip bones

Hint 6

Front 7

bone markings

Back 7

projections, depressions, and openings on bone surfaces that serve as sites of muscle, ligament, and tendon attachment, as joint surfaces, or as conduits for blood vessels and nerves

Front 8

1. attachment sites (muscles, ligaments, tendons)

2. joint surfaces

3. passageways (blood vessels, nerves)

Back 8

3 functions of bone markings

Front 9

1. tuberosity

2. tubercle

3. crest

4. line

5. spine

6. trochanter

7. epicondyle

8. process

Back 9

8 attachment sites (bone markings)

Front 10

tuberosity

Back 10

large rounded projection

Front 11

tubercle

Back 11

small rounded projection

Front 12

crest

Back 12

narrow ridge of bone

Front 13

line

Back 13

narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest

Front 14

spine

Back 14

sharp pointed process

Front 15

trochanter

Back 15

large, irregular-shaped projection

Front 16

epicondyle

Back 16

projection above a condyle

Front 17

process

Back 17

any bone prominence

Front 18

1. head

2. facet

3. condyle

4. ramus

5. fossa

Back 18

5 joint surfaces (bone markings)

Front 19

head

Back 19

bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

Front 20

facet

Back 20

smooth, nearly flat articular surface

Front 21

condyle

Back 21

rounded articular projection

Front 22

ramus

Back 22

armlike bar of bone

Front 23

fossa

Back 23

shallow depression in a bone

Front 24

1. groove (sulcus)

2. fissure

3. foramen

4. notch

5. meatus

6. sinus

Back 24

6 passageways (bone markings)

Front 25

groove (sulcus)

Back 25

furrow

Front 26

fissure

Back 26

narrow, slitlike opening

Front 27

foramen

Back 27

round or oval opening through a bone

Front 28

notch

Back 28

indentation at the edge of a structure

Front 29

meatus

Back 29

canal-like passageway in a bone

Front 30

sinus

Back 30

cavity within a bone; filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

Front 31

1. axial skeleton

2. appendicular skeleton

Back 31

2 divisions of the skeletal system

Hint 31

Front 32

axial skeleton

Back 32

group of 80 bones forming the long axis of the body; protect, support, or carry other body parts

Hint 32

Front 33

1. skull

2. vertebral column

3. thoracic cage

Back 33

3 major regions of the axial skeleton

Front 34

skull

Back 34

the body's most complex bony structure; 22 cranial and facial bones

Hint 34

Front 35

1. cranium (8 cranial bones)

2. face (14 facial bones)

Back 35

2 parts of the skull and their # of bones

Hint 35

Front 36

cranium (cranial bones)

Back 36

encloses and protects the brain, and furnishes attachment sites for head and neck muscles; 8 bones

Front 37

1. frontal

2-3. parietal (x2)

4. occipital

5-6. temporal (x2)

7. sphenoid

8. ethmoid

Back 37

8 bones of the cranium

Hint 37

Front 38

frontal bone [1]

Back 38

anterior bone of the cranium

Hint 38

Front 39

parietal bones [2-3]

Back 39

superiolateral bones of the cranium

Hint 39

Front 40

occipital bone [4]

Back 40

cranial bone forming the posterior aspect and most of the base of the skull

Hint 40

Front 41

foramen magnum

Back 41

passageway where the spinal cord meets the brain stem

Hint 41

Front 42

occipital condyle

Back 42

where the skull articulates with the atlas vertebra (C1)

Hint 42

Front 43

temporal bones [5-6]

Back 43

inferiolateral bones of the cranium; contribute to the middle cranial fossa

Hint 43

Front 44

zygomatic arch

Back 44

connection place of temporal and zygomatic bone; cheek bone

Front 45

external auditory (acoustic) meatus

Back 45

external ear canal, where sound enters

Hint 45

Front 46

sphenoid bone [7]

Back 46

butterfly-shaped keystone of the cranium; articulates with all the other bones

Hint 46

Front 47

sella turcica

Back 47

where the pituitary gland sits in the sphenoid bone

Hint 47

Front 48

ethmoid bone [8]

Back 48

cranial bone forming much of the medial orbit and nasal cavities; helps form the anterior cranial fossa

Hint 48

Front 49

sutures

Back 49

interlocking joints uniting the skull bones

Front 50

1. coronal

2. sagittal

3. squamous

4. lambdoid

Back 50

4 major sutures of the skull

Front 51

coronal suture

Back 51

parietal-frontal suture

Hint 51

Front 52

sagittal suture

Back 52

parietal-parietal suture

Hint 52

Front 53

lambdoid suture

Back 53

parietal-occipital suture

Hint 53

Front 54

squamous suture

Back 54

parietal-temporal suture

Hint 54

Front 55

cranial fossae

Back 55

bony ridges dividing the skull base (anterior, middle, and posterior)

Hint 55

Front 56

1. facial framework

2. facial muscles

3. air/food

4. teeth

5. sensory cavities

Back 56

5 purposes of the facial bones

Front 57

1. mandible

2-3. maxilla (x2)

4-5. zygomatic (x2)

6-7. lacrimal (x2)

8-9. palatine (x2)

10-11. nasal (x2)

12. vomer

14. inferior nasal conchae (x2)

Back 57

14 facial bones

Hint 57

Front 58

mandible [1]

Back 58

lower jaw bone, largest and strongest bone of the face

Hint 58

Front 59

mandibular condyle

Back 59

part of the mandible that articulates with the temporal bones, forming the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

Front 60

maxilla [2-3]

Back 60

upper jaw bones; articulate with most other facial bones

Hint 60

Front 61

zygomatic [4-5]

Back 61

facial bones that form the cheeks and part of the orbits

Hint 61

Front 62

lacrimal [6-7]

Back 62

facial bones that form the medial orbit walls

Hint 62

Front 63

palatine [8-9]

Back 63

facial bones that form the posterior portion of the hard palate

Hint 63

Front 64

nasal [10-11]

Back 64

facial bones that form the bridge of the nose

Hint 64

Front 65

vomer [12]

Back 65

facial bone forming the inferior part of the nasal septum

Hint 65

Front 66

inferior nasal conchae [13-14]

Back 66

facial bones that project from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity

Hint 66

Front 67

1. orbits (7)

2. nasal cavity (9)

Back 67

2 restricted regions of the skull and the # of bones forming them

Front 68

paranasal sinuses

Back 68

mucosa-lined, air-filled cavities found in the skull bones

Hint 68

Front 69

1. frontal

2. ethmoid

3. sphenoid

4. maxilla

Back 69

4 locations of paranasal sinuses

Hint 69

Front 70

1. warm air

2. lighten the skull

3. resonate the voice

Back 70

3 functions of the paranasal sinuses

Front 71

fontanelles

Back 71

"soft spots" where bones grow and fit together; compressed during childbirth

Hint 71

Front 72

1. anterior

2. posterior

3. sphenoidal

4. mastoid

Back 72

4 main fontanelles

Hint 72

Front 73

hyoid bone

Back 73

bone that has attachment points for neck muscles (swallowing and speech); does not articulate with any other bone

Hint 73

Front 74

vertebral column (spine)

Back 74

the axial support of the trunk, from the skull to the pelvis; transmits weight to lower limbs

Hint 74

Front 75

vertebrae (26)

Back 75

bones of the vertebral column

Hint 75

Front 76

1. cervical (7)

2. thoracic (12)

3. lumbar (5)

4. sacrum (5 fused)

5. coccyx (4 fused)

Back 76

5 divisions of the vertebral column and their # of vertebrae

Hint 76

Front 77

1. cervical (concave)

2. thoracic (convex)

3. lumbar (concave)

4. sacral (convex)

Back 77

4 curvatures of the vertebral column giving it its S shape (support, stability, springiness)

Hint 77

Front 78

1. scoliosis

2. kyphosis

3. lordosis

Back 78

3 abnormalities of the vertebral column

Front 79

scoliosis

Back 79

abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column, most often in the thoracic region; common in childhood, particularly in girls

Front 80

kyphosis (hunchback)

Back 80

exaggerated thoracic curvature; common in elderly people (because of osteoporosis)

Front 81

lordosis (swayback)

Back 81

exaggerated lumbar curvature; common in pregnant woman

Front 82

longitudinal ligaments

Back 82

major supporting ligaments of the vertebral column

Front 83

anterior longitudinal ligaments

Back 83

vertebral ligaments attached to both the vertebrae and the discs; resists hyperextension (bending too far backward)

Front 84

posterior longitudinal ligaments

Back 84

vertebral ligaments attached only to the discs; resists hyperflexion (bending too far forward)

Front 85

ligamentum flavum

Back 85

vertebral ligament connecting adjacent vertebrae

Front 86

intervertebral discs

Back 86

fibrocartilage pads forming cushions between the body of each vertebra; 25% of the height of the vertebral column

Front 87

nucleus pulposus

Back 87

inner gelatinous "rubber ball" that gives the vertebrae their elasticity and compressibility

Front 88

anulus fibrosus

Back 88

strong collar surrounding the nucleus pulposus, limiting its expansion

Front 89

1. collagen fibers (outside)

2. fibrocartilage (inside)

Back 89

2 constituents of the anulus fibrosus

Front 90

herniated disc (slipped disc)

Back 90

rupture of the anulus fibrosus allowing the nucleus pulposus to protrude; can press on the spinal cord or nerves

Hint 90

Front 91

1. body (centrum)

2. arch

Back 91

2 main parts of a vertebra

Hint 91

Front 92

spinous process

Back 92

posterior projection of a vertebra

Hint 92

Front 93

vertebral foramen

Back 93

opening through each vertebra

Hint 93

Front 94

vertebral canal

Back 94

long canal through which the spinal cord passes, created by successive vertebral foramina

Hint 94

Front 95

1. flexion and extension

2. lateral flexion

3. rotation

Back 95

3 movements that can occur between vertebrae

Front 96

cervical vertebrae

Back 96

smallest, lightest vertebrae; triangular, large foramen

Hint 96

Front 97

atlas (C1)

Back 97

vertebra that carries the skull ("yes" movement), articulates with the occipital condyles, no body or spinous process

Front 98

axis (C2)

Back 98

vertebra that allows the atlas to pivot ("no" movement) due to the knoblike dens

Front 99

dens (odontoid process)

Back 99

knoblike projection of the axis vertebra; "missing body" of the atlas

Front 100

thoracic vertebrae

Back 100

vertebrae that articulate with the ribs; increase in size from first to last; "giraffe"

Hint 100

Front 101

lumbar vertebrae

Back 101

massive, kidney-shaped vertebrae; weight-bearing; "moose"

Hint 101

Front 102

sacrum

Back 102

triangular bone forming the posterior wall of the pelvis; five fused vertebrae

Hint 102

Front 103

coccyx

Back 103

small triangular tailbone; four fused vertebrae

Hint 103

Front 104

thoracic cage (bony thorax)

Back 104

forms a protective cage around the vital organs of the thoracic cavity, supports limbs, site of muscle attachment

Hint 104

Front 105

1. sternum

2. ribs

Back 105

2 parts of the thoracic cage

Hint 105

Front 106

sternum (breastbone)

Back 106

flat bone lying on the anterior midline of the thorax

Hint 106

Front 107

1. manubrium

2. body

3. xiphoid process

Back 107

3 fused bones of the sternum

Hint 107

Front 108

manubrium

Back 108

part of the sternum that articulates with the clavicles and costal cartilages 1-2

Front 109

body

Back 109

part of the sternum that articulates with the costal cartilages 2-7

Front 110

xiphoid process

Back 110

small part of the sternum that serves as an attachment point for abdominal muscles

Front 111

ribs

Back 111

twelve pairs of thoracic cage bones that articulate with the vertebrae

Hint 111

Front 112

true ribs

Back 112

superior ribs that attach directly to the sternum via costal cartilages (1-7)

Hint 112

Front 113

costal cartilages

Back 113

bars of hyaline cartilage attaching the ribs to the sternum

Hint 113

Front 114

intercostal spaces

Back 114

spaces between the ribs occupied by muscles

Hint 114

Front 115

false ribs

Back 115

inferior ribs that attach indirectly to the sternum or not at all (8-12)

Hint 115

Front 116

floating ribs

Back 116

ribs with no anterior attachments (11-12)

Hint 116

Front 117

appendicular skeleton

Back 117

bones of the limbs and their girdles; movement and manipulation

Hint 117

Front 118

pectoral girdles

Back 118

attach the upper limbs to the body trunk

Hint 118

Front 119

1. clavicle

2. scapula

Back 119

2 bones of the pectoral girdle

Hint 119

Front 120

clavicles (collarbones)

Back 120

slender, S-shaped bones that extend horizontally across the superior thorax; anchor muscles and act as braces

Hint 120

Front 121

scapulae (shoulder blades)

Back 121

triangular, flat bones on the dorsal surface of the rib cage; forms the shoulder joint

Hint 121

Front 122

glenoid cavity

Back 122

shoulder blade cavity that articulates with the humerus, forming the shoulder joint

Hint 122

Front 123

1. arm

2. forearm

3. hand

Back 123

3 parts of the upper limb

Front 124

arm

Back 124

the proximal portion of the upper limb

Hint 124

Front 125

humerus

Back 125

the sole bone of the arm, semi-spherical head

Hint 125

Front 126

1. glenoid cavity (shoulder)

2. olecranon process (elbow)

Back 126

2 places the humerus articulates

Front 127

trochlea

Back 127

hourglass-shaped distal end of the humerus; articulates with the ulna

Hint 127

Front 128

olecranon fossa

Back 128

distal part of the humerus that receives the olecranon of the forearm

Hint 128

Front 129

forearm

Back 129

the middle portion of the upper limb

Hint 129

Front 130

1. radius

2. ulna

Back 130

2 bones of the forearm

Hint 130

Front 131

ulna

Back 131

medial, longer bone of the forearm; strong articulation with the elbow joint

Hint 131

Front 132

olecranon (elbow)

Back 132

forms part of a hinge that allows the forearm to bend and straighten

Hint 132

Front 133

trochlear notch

Back 133

concavity of the ulna where the trochlea fits, allowing the forearm to bend and straighten

Hint 133

Front 134

ulnar styloid process

Back 134

distal bump of the ulna; ligament runs from here to the wrist

Hint 134

Front 135

radius

Back 135

the lateral, shorter bone of the forearm; strong articulation with the wrist/hand

Hint 135

Front 136

radial styloid process

Back 136

distal bump of the radius; anchoring site for ligaments that run to the wrist

Hint 136

Front 137

hand

Back 137

the distal portion of the upper limb

Hint 137

Front 138

1. carpus (8)

2. metacarpus (5)

3. phalanges (14)

Back 138

3 parts of the hand and their # of bones

Hint 138

Front 139

carpus

Back 139

the wrist; 8 small bones

Hint 139

Front 140

metacarpus

Back 140

the palm; 5 bones labeled 1-5 (lateral to medial)

Hint 140

Front 141

phalanges

Back 141

the fingers; 14 bones

Hint 141

Front 142

pelvic girdle

Back 142

attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton

Hint 142

Front 143

1. sacrum

2. os coxae (hip bones)

Back 143

2 parts of the pelvic girdle

Hint 143

Front 144

1. ilium

2. pubis

3. ischium

Back 144

3 parts of the hip bone (coxal bone)

Hint 144

Front 145

ilium

Back 145

large flaring bone that forms the superior part of the coxal bone

Hint 145

Front 146

greater sciatic notch

Back 146

posterior indentation where the sciatic nerve enters the thigh

Front 147

pubis

Back 147

the anterior, inferior part of the coxal bone

Hint 147

Front 148

pubic symphysis

Back 148

where the two pubic bones join; separated by a fibrocartilage disc

Hint 148

Front 149

ischium

Back 149

posterior, inferior part of the coxal bone

Hint 149

Front 150

acetabulum

Back 150

pelvic socket that receives the head of the femur; the hip joint

Hint 150

Front 151

1. pubic arch (wider angle in females)

2. pelvic brim (wider, oval in females)

Back 151

2 differences between the pelvis of males and females

Hint 151

Front 152

1. thigh

2. leg

3. foot

Back 152

3 segments of each lower limb

Front 153

femur (thigh)

Back 153

the largest, strongest bone of the body

Hint 153

Front 154

patella (knee cap)

Back 154

triangular sesamoid bone that protects knee

Hint 154

Front 155

1. tibia

2. fibula

Back 155

2 parallel bones of the leg

Hint 155

Front 156

tibia

Back 156

medial, weight-bearing bone of the leg

Hint 156

Front 157

medial malleolus

Back 157

medial bulge of the ankle (tibia)

Hint 157

Front 158

fibula

Back 158

sticklike, lateral bone of the leg; does not bear weight

Hint 158

Front 159

lateral malleolus

Back 159

lateral bulge of the ankle (fibula)

Hint 159

Front 160

1. tarsus (7)

2. metatarsus (5)

3. phalanges (14)

Back 160

3 parts of the foot and their # of bones

Hint 160

Front 161

tarsus

Back 161

the ankle; 7 smaller bones

Front 162

1. talus (ankle)

2. calcaneus (heel bone)

Back 162

2 large tarsals that carry most of the body's weight

Hint 162

Front 163

arches

Back 163

allow the foot to hold up weight

Hint 163

Front 164

1. medial longitudinal

2. transverse

3. lateral longitudinal

Back 164

3 arches of the foot

Hint 164