Anatomy Ch. 1 - The Human Body: An Orientation

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

 
The study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
 

Front 2

Gross Anatomy

Back 2

 
The study of anatomy that is visible with the human eye
(Ex: cadaver, muscles, bones, etc…)
 

Front 3

Microscopic Anatomy

Back 3

 
The study of anatomy visible with a microscope
 

Front 4

Developmental Anatomy

Back 4

 
The study of anatomy that develops over time (Ex. The developmental of the renal system & kidneys)
 

Front 5

Physiology

Back 5

 
The study of the function of the body’s structural machinery
 

Front 6

3 types of Gross Anatomy

Back 6

 
1. Regional
2. Systemic
3. Surface
 

Front 7

Regional

Back 7

 
All structures in one part of the body
(Ex. Shoulder, abdomen, leg, etc…)
 

Front 8

Systemic

Back 8

 
Gross anatomy of the body studied by system
(Skeletal, nervous, reproductive systems, etc…) 

Front 9

Surface

 

Back 9

The study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin

Front 10

2 types of Microscopic Anatomy 

Back 10

1. Cytology
2. Histology
 

Front 11

Cytology

Back 11

 
The study of the cell
 

Front 12

Histology

Back 12

 
The study of tissues
 

Front 13

What are the Levels of Structural Organization?

Back 13

 
1. Chemical
2. Cellular
3. Tissue
4. Organ
5. Organ system
6. Organismal
 

Front 14

Chemical level

Back 14

 
Atoms combined to form molecules
 

Front 15

Organelles

Back 15

 
Structures located inside of a cell (Ex. mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, ribosome, Golgi apparatus, vacuoles, centrioles) 

Front 16

Cellular level

Back 16

 
Cells are made of molecules
 

Front 17

Tissue level

Back 17

 
Consists of similar types of cells
(Cells combine to form tissue)
(Make up an organ)
 

Front 18

Organ level

Back 18

 
Made up of different types of tissues
(Two or more tissues come together to form an organ)
(Make up organ systems)
 

Front 19

Organ system level

Back 19

 
Consists of different organs that work closely together 

Front 20

Organismal level

Back 20

 
Made up of the organ systems
 

Front 21

What are the organ systems of the body?

Back 21

 
1. Integumentry
2. Skeletal
3. Muscular
4. Nervous
5. Cardiovascular
6. Lymphatic
7. Respiratory
8. Digestive
9. Urinary
10. Reproductive  

Front 22

What does the digestive system do?

Back 22

 
Creates energy by absorbing nutrients by breaking down food
 

Front 23

1. What makes up the urinary system?
2. What does the uniary system do?

Back 23

 
1. Bladder & kidneys
2. Eliminates waste and balances water
 

Front 24

What does the respiratory system do?

Back 24

 
Provide oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide
 

Front 25

1. What makes up the nervous system?
2. What does the nervous system do?

Back 25

 
1. Nerves, brain and spinal cord
2. Tells everything in the body what to do
 

Front 26

What makes up the cardiovascular system? 

Back 26

Heart & blood vessels 

Front 27

1. What makes up the lymphatic system?
2. What does the lymphatic system do?

Back 27

 
1. Spleen, tonsils, & thymus
2. Immunity
 

Front 28

1. What makes up the muscular system?
2. What does the muscular system do?

Back 28

 
1. Muscles & tendons
2. Movement
 

Front 29

1. What makes up the reproductive system?
2. What does the reproductive system do?

Back 29

 
1. Ovaries, thyroid, pancreas, & hormones
2. Messengers that control the body
 

Front 30

1. What makes up the skeletal system?
2. What does the skeletal system do?

Back 30

 
1. Bones
2. Protects and gives structure

Front 31

Homeostasis 

Back 31

The ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world 

Front 32

Negative Feedback Mechanism 

Back 32

The body’s response to a change in internal environment to correct it (opposite direction of stimulus)
(Ex. Regulation of blood glucose levels)
(most common feedback) 

Front 33

Positive Feedback Mechanism

Back 33

 
The body’s response to a change in internal environment to intensify change
(same direction of stimulus)
(Ex. Giving birth or blood clotting) 

Front 34

What leads to symptoms in disease processes? 

Back 34

Overwhelming of negative feedback mechanisms allowing destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over 

Front 35

Anatomical position

Back 35

 
Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from the body
 

Front 36

When in anatomical position, what are the three names of the forward facing side of the body?

Back 36

 
1. Ventral
2. Anterior
3. Front 

Front 37

Superior (Cephalad)

Back 37

 
Toward the head
 

Front 38

Inferior (Caudal)

Back 38

 
Away from head
 

Front 39

Anterior (Ventral)

Back 39

 
Toward the front
 

Front 40

Rostral

Back 40

 
Towards the nose
 

Front 41

Posterior (Dorsal)

Back 41

 
Toward the back 

Front 42

Medial

Back 42

 
Toward the midline 

Front 43

Lateral

Back 43

 
Away from the midline
 

Front 44

Intermediate

Back 44

 
Between a more medial and lateral structure 

Front 45

Superficial

Back 45

 
Toward the surface of the body
 

Front 46

Deep

Back 46

 
Away from the surface of the body
 

Front 47

Proximal

Back 47

 
Closer to attachment to trunk of the body (upper limb)
 

Front 48

Distal

Back 48

 
Further from attachment to trunk of body (lower limb)
 

Front 49

What does the Axial Region of the body refer to?

Back 49

 
1. Head
2. Neck
3. Trunk 

Front 50

What does the Appendicular Region of the body refer to? 

Back 50

Appendages
*aka Limbs 

Front 51

Nasal Region

Back 51

 
Nose
 

Front 52

Oral Region

Back 52

 
Mouth
 

Front 53

Cervical Region

Back 53

 
Neck
 

Front 54

Acromial Region

Back 54

 
Point of Shoulder
 

Front 55

Axillary Region

Back 55

 
Armpit
 

Front 56

Abdominal Region

Back 56

 
Abdomen
 

Front 57

Brachial Region

Back 57

 
Upper arm
 

Front 58

Antebrachial Region

Back 58

 
Forearm
 

Front 59

Antecubital Region

Back 59

 
The bend of the elbow (the anterior side of the arm from the elbow) 

Front 60

Carpal Region

Back 60

 
Wrist
 

Front 61

Manus (Manual)

Back 61

 
Hand
 

Front 62

Palmar Region

Back 62

 
Palm
 

Front 63

Digital/Carpal Region

Back 63

 
Fingers
 

Front 64

Pelvic Region

Back 64

 
Pelvis 

Front 65

Pollex

Back 65

 
Thumb
 

Front 66

What is considered the first digit?

Back 66

 
Pollex
 

Front 67

What is considered the fifth digit?

Back 67

 
Pinkie
 

Front 68

Pubic Region

Back 68

 
Genitals
 

Front 69

Patellar Region

Back 69

 
Knee
 

Front 70

Crural Region

Back 70

 
Anterior Lower Leg
 

Front 71

Peroneal (Fibular) Region

Back 71

 
Lateral aspect of lower leg
 

Front 72

Femoral Region

Back 72

 
Thigh
 

Front 73

Pedal Region

Back 73

 
Foot
 

Front 74

Tarsal Region

Back 74

 
Ankle
 

Front 75

What are two names for which toes are referred to?

Back 75

 
1. Digits
2. Rays 

Front 76

Frontal Region

Back 76

 
Forehead

Front of head

Front 77

Orbital Region

Back 77

 
Eye
 

Front 78

Buccal Region

Back 78

 
Cheek
 

Front 79

Mental Region

Back 79

 
Chin
 

Front 80

Sternal Region

Back 80

 
Sternum/Breastbone
 

Front 81

Mammary Region

Back 81

 
Breast
 

Front 82

Umbilical Region

Back 82

 
Naval
Bellybutton

Front 83

Thoracic

Back 83

 
Chest
 

Front 84

Coxal Region

Back 84

 
Hip
 

Front 85

Inguinal Region

Back 85

 
Groin
 

Front 86

Hallux

Back 86

 
Big Toe
 

Front 87

What is the first digit on the pedal?

Back 87

 
Hallux
 

Front 88

Cephalic Region

Back 88

 
Head
 

Front 89

Otic Region

Back 89

 
Ear
 

Front 90

Occipital Region

Back 90

 
Back of head
 

Front 91

Vertebral Region

Back 91

 
Vertebral/Spinal Column
 

Front 92

Scapular Region

Back 92

 
Scapula
 

Front 93

Olecranon Region

Back 93

 
Back of Elbow
 

Front 94

Lumbar Region

Back 94

 
Lower back
 

Front 95

Sacral Region

Back 95

 
Between hips
 

Front 96

Dorsal Region

Back 96

 
Whole back
 

Front 97

Gluteal Region

Back 97

 
Butt
 

Front 98

Perineal Region

Back 98

 
Between genitalia and anus
 

Front 99

Popliteal Region

Back 99

 
Back of knee
 

Front 100

Sural Region

Back 100

 
Calf
 

Front 101

Calcaneal

Back 101

 
Heel
 

Front 102

Plantar Region

Back 102

 
Sole of foot
 

Front 103

Sagittal planes

Back 103

 
Divides the body into Right and Left parts
 

Front 104

Midsagittal planes

Back 104

(Medial)
 
Sagittal plane that lies on the midline (symmetrical halves)
 

Front 105

Parasagittal Planes

Back 105

 
Nonsymmetrical right/left halves
 

Front 106

Frontal Planes or

Coronal Planes

Back 106

 
Divides body into anterior and posterior
 

Front 107

Transverse Planes
(Cross sectional, horizontal)

Back 107

 
Divides the body into Superior and Inferior portions
 

Front 108

Oblique Section

Back 108

 
Cuts made diagonally

Front 109

What cavity protects the nervous system?

Back 109

 
Dorsal Cavity
 

Front 110

What are the 2 internal cavities of the human body?

Back 110

 
1. Dorsal Cavity
2. Ventral Cavity 

Front 111

The Dorsal Cavity is divided into 2 sub cavities.

Back 111

 
1. Cranial Cavity (brain)
2. Vertebral Cavity (spinal cord)
 

Front 112

What is the only organ system entirely encased in bone?

Back 112

 
The central nervous system 

Front 113

What cavity is the spinal column located?

Back 113

 
Vertebral Cavity 

Front 114

What cavity is the skull located? 

Back 114

Cranial Cavity 

Front 115

The Ventral Cavity is divided into 2 subcategories.

Back 115

 
1. Thoracic
2. Abdominopelvic

Front 116

What does the Ventral Cavity house?

Back 116

 
Internal Organs
(Viscera)

Front 117

Why is the Abdominopelvic Cavity considered one cavity?

Back 117

There is no anatomical separation between the abdominal and pelvic cavities.
 

Front 118

What separates the Thoracic and Abdominal Cavities?

Back 118

Diaphragm

Front 119

What are the sub cavities of the Thoracic Cavity?

Back 119

 
1. Pleural Cavities
2. Pericardial Cavity
3. Mediastinum 

Front 120

What is located in the Pleural Cavity?

Back 120

 
Lungs
 

Front 121

What is located in the Mediastinum?

Back 121

 
Pericardial Cavity and the remaining thoracic organs
 

Front 122

What is located in the Pericardial Cavity?

Back 122

 
Heart
 

Front 123

1. What is the name of the area located between the lungs?
2. What is located there?

Back 123

 
1. Mediastinum
2. Pericardial Cavity
 

Front 124

How is the Mediastinum separated?

Back 124

 
1. Superior Mediastinum (above Sternal Angle/Angle of Lewis)
2. Inferior Mediastinum
(below Sternal Angle/Angle of Lewis)
(the Inferior Mediastinum is then separated into Anterior, Middle and Posterior portions) 

Front 125

What is located in the Middle Mediastinum?

Back 125

 
Heart
 

Front 126

What is located in the Abdominal Cavity?

Back 126

 
Digestive Viscera (Stomach, Small & Large Intestines, Liver, Pancreas and Spleen
 

Front 127

What is located in the Pelvic Cavity?

Back 127

 
Urinary Bladder, Reproductive Organs, and Rectum (Prostate Glands, Seminal Vesicles, Uterus, Ovaries, Ova Ducts, Vagina)
 

Front 128

1. Which body cavities have membranes?
2. Why?

Back 128

1. Ventral body cavities
2. The organs need to be lubricated so they can slide easily to function
What lubricates the Ventral Body Cavities?
 

Front 129

Serous Membranes
 
1. What does the Serous Membrane Produce?
2. What does it do?

Back 129

 
1. Serous Fluid
2. It separates the Serosa.
 

Front 130

What are the 2 layers of the Serous Membrane?

Back 130

 
1. Parietal Serosa
2. Visceral Serosa
 

Front 131

What is the role of the…
1. Parietal Serosa
2. Visceral Serosa

Back 131

 
1. Lines the body wall.
2. Covers the organ
 

Front 132

What determines the name of the Serosa?

Back 132

 Where it is located (ex. Parietal Pleura & Visceral Pleural, Parieta Pericardium & Visceral Pericardium, etc...)

Front 133

What are the body cavities that are considered external or open to the body exterior?

Back 133

 
1. Oral & Digestive
2. Nasal
3. Orbital
4. Middle Ear
5. Synovial 

Front 134

What do the following cavities do?
1. Oral & Digestive
2. Nasal
3. Orbital
4. Middle Ear
5. Synovial

Back 134

1. Mouth & Cavities of the digestive organs
2. Within & Posterior to the nose.
3. Houses the eyes.
4. Bones transmit sound vibrations
5. Houses synovial fluid for movement.

Front 135

What are the nine Abdominopelvic Regions?

Back 135

 
1. Hypogastric
2. Umbilical
3. Epigastric
4. Right Iliac/Inguinal
5. Left Iliac/Inguinal
6. Right Lumbar
7. Left Lumbar
8. Right Hypochondriac
9. Left Hypochondriac

Front 136

What organs are located in the Right Hypochondriac Region?

Back 136

Liver & Gallbladder

Front 137

What organs are located in the Epigastric Region?

Back 137

Stomach 

Front 138

What organs are located in the Left Hypochondriac Region?

Back 138

Diaphragm
 

Front 139

What organs are located in the Right Lumbar Region?

Back 139

Ascending colon of large intestine.

Front 140

What organs are located in the Umbilical Region?

Back 140

Transverse colon of large intestine.

Front 141

What organs are located in the Left Lumbar Region?

Back 141

Descending colon of large intestine. 

Front 142

What organs are located in the Right Iliac Region?

Back 142

Cecum & Appendix

Front 143

What organs are located in the Hypogastric Region?

Back 143

Urinary Bladder