Ch. 10 - The Muscular System

Front 1

1. prime mover (agonist)

2. antagonist

3. synergist

4. fixator

Back 1

4 functional groups of skeletal muscle

Front 2

agonist (prime mover)

Back 2

muscle that produces a specific movement

Front 3

antagonist

Back 3

muscle that opposes, or reverses, a particular movement

Front 4

synergist

Back 4

muscle that helps prime movers by adding a little extra force to a movement or by reducing undesirable movements

Front 5

fixator

Back 5

synergist muscle that immobilizes a bone or a muscle's origin so that the prime mover has a stable base on which to act

Front 6

flexion

Back 6

a muscle that crosses on the anterior side of a joint produces...

Front 7

extension

Back 7

a muscle that crosses on the posterior side of a joint produces...

Front 8

abduction

Back 8

a muscle that crosses on the lateral side of a joint produces...

Front 9

adduction

Back 9

a muscle that crosses on the medial side of a joint produces...

Front 10

1. circular

2. convergent

3. parallel

4. pennate

Back 10

4 main fascicle arrangements

Hint 10

Front 11

circular

Back 11

fascicular pattern when the fascicles are arranged in concentric rings; ex. orbicularis

Hint 11

Front 12

convergent

Back 12

fascicular pattern in which the muscle has a broad origin and its fascicles converge toward a single tendon or insertion; ex. pectoralis major

Hint 12

Front 13

parallel

Back 13

fascicular pattern in which the fascicles run along the long axis of the muscle; ex. sartorius (thigh)

Hint 13

Front 14

fusiform

Back 14

fascicular pattern characterized by a spindle-shaped muscle with an expanded belly; similar to a parallel pattern; ex. biceps brachii

Hint 14

Front 15

pennate

Back 15

fascicular pattern with short fascicles that attach obliquely to a central tendon that runs the length of the muscle; like a feather

Hint 15

Front 16

1. unipennate

2. bipennate

3. multipennate

Back 16

3 types of pennate muscles

Hint 16

Front 17

unipennate

Back 17

type of pennate muscle in which the fascicles insert into only one side of the tendon; ex. extensor digitorum longus (of the leg)

Hint 17

Front 18

bipennate

Back 18

type of pennate muscle in which the fascicles insert into the tendon from opposite sides; ex. rectus femoris (of the thigh)

Hint 18

Front 19

multipennate

Back 19

type of pennate muscle with multiple "feathers"; ex. deltoid muscle (of the shoulder)

Hint 19

Front 20

lever

Back 20

a rigid bar that moves on a fixed point (fulcrum) when a force is applied to it

Front 21

fulcrum

Back 21

a fixed point on which a level moves

Front 22

effort

Back 22

applied force used to move a load

Front 23

load

Back 23

the resistance moved by an effort (applied force)

Front 24

mechanical advantage

Back 24

when a load is close to the fulcrum and the effort applied is far from the fulcrum; power lever

Front 25

mechanical disadvantage

Back 25

when the load is far from the fulcrum and the effort is applied close to the fulcrum; speed lever

Front 26

1. first-class

2. second-class

3. third-class

Back 26

3 classes of levers

Front 27

first-class lever

Back 27

the effort is applied at one end of the lever and the load is at the other, with the fulcrum somewhere in between; power or speed; ex. seesaw

Front 28

second-class lever

Back 28

the effort is applied at one end of the lever and the fulcrum is located at the other end, with the load somewhere in between; power; ex. wheelbarrow

Front 29

third-class lever

Back 29

the effort is applied between the load and the fulcrum; speed; ex. tweezers