Biology Chapter 6: The Musculoskeletal System

Front 1

two types of skeletons...

Back 1

exoskeleton
endoskeleton

Front 2

skeleton derived from...

Back 2

mesoderm

Front 3

vertebrates = endoskeletons

Back 3

know

Front 4

exoskeletons require shedding of exterior and thus limit size of organism

Back 4

know

Front 5

components of skeletal system divided into axial and appendicular

Back 5

know

Front 6

axial skeleton consists of...

Back 6

skull, vertebral column, ribcage
-provides baci central framework for the body

Front 7

apendicular skeleton consists of...

Back 7

arms, legs, pelvic and pectoral girdles attached to axial skeleton

Front 8

skeleton created from two major components

Back 8

cartilage
bone

Front 9

cartilage consists of a firm/elastic matrix called ____ that is secreted by ____

Back 9

chondrin
condrocytes

Front 10

much of fetal skeleton = cartilage

Back 10

allows for flexibility while growing in womb

Front 11

degradation of cartilage =

Back 11

arthritis

Front 12

arthritis =

Back 12

bone rubbing against one another

Front 13

cartilage is rather a/vascular meaning it does not have blood or lymph vessels

Back 13

avascular

Front 14

bone is compromised, like cartilage, from mesoderm

Back 14

know

Front 15

compact bone

Back 15

strength
-strong and compact

Front 16

spongy bone

Back 16

cancellous bone (aka)
-lattice structure has boy spicules known as trabeculae

Front 17

bone marrow colors...

Back 17

maybe yellow or red in color

Front 18

red bone marrow is filled with hematopoietic stem cells

Back 18

makes red blood cells

Front 19

yellow bone marrow is composed of fats and is inactive

Back 19

know

Front 20

parts of the bone

Back 20

diaphysis
metaphysis
epiphysis

Front 21

diaphysis

Back 21

area between two heads of the bone

Front 22

epiphysis

Back 22

ends of the bone

Front 23

metaphysis

Back 23

transition region from head of bone to the center region of the bone

Front 24

compact bone makes up the periphery area of epiphysis heads and diaphysis center region...

Back 24

meaning the exterior layer of these regions is composed of compact bone

Front 25

diaphysis is filled internally with bone marrow

Back 25

know

Front 26

epiphysis is filled with spongy bone

Back 26

know

Front 27

epiphyseal plate

Back 27

separates epiphysis from diaphysis
-its a cartilaginous site of growth

Front 28

periosteum

Back 28

surrounds the exterior of the bones as protection and muscle attachment

Front 29

compact bones strength comes from its bone matrix

Back 29

know

Front 30

bone matrix consists of 2 things...

Back 30

organic and inorganic components

Front 31

the organic components of the bone matrix include

Back 31

collagen
glyoproteins
peptides

Front 32

the inorganic components of the bone matrix include

Back 32

calcium
phosphate
hydroxide ions

Front 33

minerals such as sodium, magnesium and potassium are also stored in the bone

Back 33

know

Front 34

bony matrix consists of osteons that encompass haversian canals

Back 34

((((O))))
(( = osteon
O = haversian canal

Front 35

the concentric circles around the haversian canal = lamellae

Back 35

know

Front 36

the haversian canal contains the blood vessels, nerve fibers and lymph that keep the bone in peak condition

Back 36

know

Front 37

osteocytes =

Back 37

mature bone cells

Front 38

canaliculi =

Back 38

canals that allow exchange of nutrients and wastes between them and the haversian canals

Front 39

bones are made from the hardening of cartilage

Back 39

know

Front 40

endochondral ossificication

Back 40

literally means cartilage hardening ---> bone

Front 41

bone remodeling involves 2 cells

Back 41

osteoblasts
osteoclasts

Front 42

osteblasts are responsible for...

Back 42

building bone through deposition

Front 43

osteoclasts are responsible for...

Back 43

breaking down bone through removal of stored nutrients

Front 44

bone reformation

Back 44

calcium and phosphate are taken from blood --> bone

Front 45

bone reabsorption

Back 45

ions(Ca2+ and P) are removed from the bone and introduced into the blood

Front 46

calcitonin, Parathyroid hormone and vitamin D are involved in the bone remodeling aspect

Back 46

know

Front 47

joints come in two forms...

Back 47

movable and immovable

Front 48

joints consists of connective tissue

Back 48

know

Front 49

movable joints

Back 49

allow for bones to shift relative to one another
-strengthened by ligaments

Front 50

ligaments are fibrous tissue that connect ____ to ____

Back 50

bone to bone
-consist of a synovial capsule that encloses joint cavity

Front 51

synovial fluid is inserted between regions where bones have potential of rubbing

Back 51

know

Front 52

articulate cartilage

Back 52

coats surfaces of bone to reduce the impact on proximal bones...

Front 53

immovable joints =

Back 53

skull
-consist of bones that are fused together

Front 54

3 types of muscle

Back 54

smooth
cardiac
skeletal

Front 55

skeletal muscle makes up the somatic NS

Back 55

know.
-we have voluntary control of this

Front 56

sarcomere is the basic unit of contraction

Back 56

know

Front 57

myocyte =

Back 57

muscle cell

Front 58

skeletal muscle consists of two types...

Back 58

red and white

Front 59

red muscle

Back 59

has high myoglobin content
aerobic
fatigues less easily
long-distance
slow-twitch

Front 60

white muscle

Back 60

anaerobic
less myoglobin
fast-twitch
sprint
easily fatigued

Front 61

red muscles have more/less mitochondria

Back 61

more

Front 62

sarcomeres are made up of 2 types of filaments

Back 62

thick and thin

Front 63

thick filaments

Back 63

myosin

Front 64

thin filaments

Back 64

actin

Front 65

what 2 proteins involved with sarcomere?

Back 65

troponin
tropomyosin

Front 66

draw a sarcomere...
z-line
m-line
h-zone
i-band
a-band

Back 66

|---I---|--H----|---I------|
|------- || -----------|
| ====||===== |
|--A---|M|---A--|
z

Front 67

which parts of the sarcomere contract??

Back 67

h-zone
z-line to z-line
I band

Front 68

which part of sarcomere does NOT contract?

Back 68

m line
a-band (length of thick filament)

Front 69

go through initiation of muscle contraction...

Back 69

1. signal sent to axon terminal
2. NT(Ach) moves across
3. depolarization occurs..
4. signal sent down t-tubule to sarcoplasmic reticulum
5. release of calcium...

Front 70

continued...muscle movement process cont'd

Back 70

6. calcium binds troponin
7. initiates shift of tropomyosin
8. exposure of myosin binding sites on actin
9. myosin binds to actin
10. shortening occurs

Front 71

ATP and muscle contraction process...

Back 71

1. ADP + Pi bound to myosin]
2. myosin binds to actin sites
3. shortening occurs, releasing of ADP+ Pi
5. ATP binds myosin causing release of actin-myosin bind

Front 72

once calcium levels decrease, the troponin/tropomyosin return to original orientation and prevent myosin attachment

Back 72

know

Front 73

stimulus is an all or none

Back 73

know

Front 74

stimulus must meet threshold to be sent

Back 74

know

Front 75

tonus =

Back 75

constant low level contraction
-essential to life

Front 76

simple twitch

Back 76

response of a single muscle fiber to a stimulus

Front 77

latent period =

Back 77

time between reaching threshold and onset of contraction

Front 78

refractory pd

Back 78

time when unresponsive to stimulus since engaged in an AP

Front 79

2 types of refractory pd

Back 79

absolute
relative

Front 80

absolute refractory pd

Back 80

does not matter how large the stimulus is; will not trigger another AP
-currently restoring its resting potential

Front 81

relative refractory pd

Back 81

requires a larger than normal stimulus to trigger an AP

Front 82

frequency summation

Back 82

when contractions begin to combine and become closer in terms of time and become stronger and prolonged

Front 83

tetanus =

Back 83

no relaxation time between contractions

Front 84

smooth muscle is part of the ANS

Back 84

know

Front 85

smooth muscle is found in...

Back 85

digestive tract
bladder
uterus
blood vessels

Front 86

smooth muscle is not striated

Back 86

know

Front 87

myogenic activity

Back 87

smooth muscles ability to contract without nervous sytem input

Front 88

cardiac muscle

Back 88

striated and involuntary control

Front 89

cardiac muscle requires Ca2+ to contract

Back 89

know

Front 90

cardiac muscle express myogenic activity

Back 90

know

Front 91

comparison across all three muscle groups...
striated?

Back 91

cardiac/skeletal are

Front 92

how many nuclei?

Back 92

smooth = 1/cell
cardiac =1or2/cell
skeletal = multi

Front 93

which NS controls it?

Back 93

ANS = smooth/cardiac
Somatic = skeletal

Front 94

what can generate ATP?

Back 94

fatty acids, glycogen, glucose, creatine phosphate

Front 95

creatine phosphate

Back 95

donates a phosphate to ADP ---> ATP

Front 96

EQ for creatine phosphate -->

Back 96

creatine + ATP <--> creatine phosphate + ADP

Front 97

myoglobin

Back 97

found in muscle; binds O2 strongly
-viable after muscles run out of O2
after that...fermentation occurs with pyruvate

Front 98

connective tissue connects epithelium to underlying tissues

Back 98

know

Front 99

connective tissue has 3 types of protein fibers
1. collagenous fibers
2. elastic fibers
3. reticular fibers

Back 99

1. composed of collagen; tensile strength
2. composed of elastin; resiliency
3. branched; involved in attachment

Front 100

2 cell types of loose CT

Back 100

1. fibroblasts
2. macrophages

Front 101

fibroblasts secrete substances that are components of extracellular fibers

Back 101

know

Front 102

macrophages engulf bacteria via phagocytosis

Back 102

know

Front 103

dense CT

Back 103

high proportion of collagenous fibers
-high tensile strength

Front 104

dense CT forms ___ and ____

Back 104

tendons
ligaments

Front 105

tendons attach ___ to ___

Back 105

muscle to bone

Front 106

ligaments attach ___ to ___

Back 106

bone to bone at joints

Front 107

origin of the bone is the stationary part

Back 107

know

Front 108

origin =

Back 108

proximal end

Front 109

insertion of muscle on contracting portion of the bone =

Back 109

distal end

Front 110

synergistic muscles =
groups of muscles that contract together to accomplish the same body movement.

Back 110

know

Front 111

extensor

Back 111

extends; not contracted
-straightens joint

Front 112

flexor

Back 112

contracts; decreases angle of extension

Front 113

abductor

Back 113

moves body part away from midline

ex) hands moving up toward shoulder height

Front 114

adductor

Back 114

moves body part toward midline

ex) arms at shoulder height moving down towards normal position

Front 115

intramembraneous ossification

Back 115

process where undifferentiated embryonic CT forms bone