Biology Chapter 1: The Cell

Front 1

cell theory
1. all living things are composed of ____
2. the cell is the ___ unit of life
3. cells arise from ____ cells
4. cells carry genetic information in the form of ___ and is passed from parent to daughter cell

Back 1

cells
basic
preexisting
DNA

Front 2

review pgs 6-9

Back 2

know

Front 3

prokaryotes lack...2

Back 3

-nuclear membrane
-organelles

Front 4

prokaryotes have 3

Back 4

cell wall
-single scircular DNA nucleiods

Front 5

prokaryotes can carry other genetic dna in ____

Back 5

plasmids

Front 6

plasmids only contain many/few genes

Back 6

few

Front 7

plasmids can replicate in/dependently

Back 7

independent of nuclear DNA
-can be passed on between organisms

results in "resistant" bacteria

Front 8

prokaryotes also have ribosomes and flagellum

Back 8

know

Front 9

cocci shape =

Back 9

spherical

Front 10

bacilli shape =

Back 10

rod-like (pill capsule like)

Front 11

bacteria contain cell membrane, cytoplasm and flagella

Back 11

know

Front 12

ribosomes of prokaryotes are larger/smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes

Back 12

smaller

Front 13

eukaryotes have...3

Back 13

nuclear membrane
organelles
ribosomes(larger)

Front 14

eukaryotes can be...

Back 14

multi/unicellular

Front 15

genetic material for eukaryotes is linear strands called...

Back 15

chromosomes; located in the nucleus

Front 16

plants have...

Back 16

cell wall and chloroplasts...animal cells lack these

Front 17

cells have cytoskeleton made up of 3 parts...

Back 17

1. actin filaments
2. intermediate filaments
3. microtubules
-used within cell to move materials around

Front 18

cytoskeleton provides framework and structure

Back 18

know

Front 19

cell membrane

Back 19

phospholipid bilayer
selective permeability
-proteins/lipids control movement
-hydrophobic tail(inward) and hydrophilic head(outward)

Front 20

cholesterol and cell membrane

Back 20

helps to regulate rigidity of membrane

Front 21

cholesterol is also precursor to steroid hormones

Back 21

know

Front 22

proteins embedded in C. membrane
-1. transport
2. Cell adhesion molecules

Back 22

1. allow in/out flow
2. allow recognization

Front 23

nucleus

Back 23

contains genetic DNA
has nuclear membrane
nuclear pores

Front 24

DNA is organized as genes

Back 24

know

Front 25

linear DNA wound around proteins called histones

Back 25

further wound into linear strands called chromosome/chromatids

Front 26

nucleolus

Back 26

house rRNA and produces rRNA

Front 27

ribosomes are responsible for ____

Back 27

protein production

Front 28

2 types of proteins: free and bound

Back 28

know

Front 29

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 29

receive proteins from ribosomes
-shipping department of cell
-sends things to be secreted

Front 30

two types of ER:

Back 30

1. smooth
2. rough

Front 31

smooth ER is responsible for...

Back 31

lipid synthesis
detoxification of drugs/poisons

Front 32

rough ER is responsible for...

Back 32

production of proteins

Front 33

golgi apparatus

Back 33

repacks thigns from the smooth ER to be sent out of cell

Front 34

golgi apparatus has secretory vesicles used to expel contents to outside of the cell

Back 34

know

Front 35

exocytosis

Back 35

expulsion of contents outside of cell

Front 36

vesicles/vacuoles

Back 36

used to transport/store materials
-vacuoles found in plants

Front 37

lysosomes

Back 37

garbage disposals
-pH = 5
-breakdown materials

Front 38

lysosomes remove unwanted materials and older cells/components

Back 38

know

Front 39

autolysis

Back 39

cellular death caused by lysosomes
-release internal pH enzymes into surrounding cell

Front 40

lysosomes act to recycle contents of the cell

Back 40

know

Front 41

mitochondria

Back 41

production of ATP

Front 42

mitochondria contain 2 layers

Back 42

inner
outer
-outer = wall
-inner = contains molecules/enzymes for ETC

Front 43

inner membrane contains cristae =

Back 43

increase SA

Front 44

mitochondrial matrix holds enzymes important for cellular respiration

Back 44

know

Front 45

mitochondria are semiautonomous

Back 45

-contain their own genes that replicate independently of nucleus via binary fission

Front 46

symbiotic relationship

Back 46

how mitochondria evolved

Front 47

apoptosis =

Back 47

programmed cellular death when enzymes are released during ETC

Front 48

microbodies

Back 48

catalyze specific types of reactions by sequestering the necessary enzymes and substrates

Front 49

2 types of microbodies

Back 49

peroxisomes
glyoxysomes

Front 50

peroxisomes

Back 50

produceH2O2(hydrogen peroxide)
-breaks down fats
-catalyze detoxification rxns in liver

Front 51

glyoxysomes

Back 51

-involved in germinating plants
-convert fats to sugars until plant can make energy(photo..)

Front 52

chloroplasts

Back 52

help produce energy in plants
-contain chlorophyll

Front 53

chloroplasts convert CO2 + sunlight + H2O -->

Back 53

energy

Front 54

cell wall

Back 54

barrier/structural support

Front 55

plants have a cell wall composed of...

Back 55

cellulose

Front 56

fungi have a cell wall composed of...

Back 56

chitin

Front 57

centrioles

Back 57

specialized type of microtubule

Front 58

centrioles are responsible for spindle formation; not membrane bound

Back 58

know

Front 59

plants do/not have centrioles

Back 59

do not

Front 60

cytoskeleton

Back 60

transport system and structural strength

Front 61

3 types of cytoskeleton...

Back 61

1. microtubules
2. microfilaments
3. intermediate filaments

Front 62

microfilaments are made up of...

Back 62

actin
-muscular contraction
-interact with myosin
-provide movement

Front 63

microtubules are...

Back 63

hollow; tubulin proteins
-provide transport = cilia/flagella
-chromosomal separation

Front 64

intermediate filaments

Back 64

help maintain integrity of cytoskeleton
-cell motility

Front 65

simple diffusion...energy?

Back 65

does not require energy
-substrates move down their concentration gradients

Front 66

osmosis

Back 66

type of S. diffusion with h20
-moves from low solute conc. to high sol. concentration

Front 67

hypotonic solution
result?

Back 67

when solution is less concentrated than the internal cellular conc.

-result: cell will swell; fluids will leak into cell

Front 68

hypertonic solution
result?

Back 68

when the solution is more concentrated than the internal cellular conc.

-result: cell will lose conc. and shrink

Front 69

facilitated diffusion

Back 69

passive transport; no ATP required
-used with less permeable materials

Front 70

less permeable materials include...

Back 70

large, polar, charged molecules

Front 71

facilitated diffusion involves a transport-membrane bound protein

Back 71

know

Front 72

active transport

Back 72

requires ATP
-moves solute against its concentration gradient

Front 73

endocytosis

Back 73

cell membrane ingests materials into cell

Front 74

pinocytosis

Back 74

type of endocytosis
-fluids and small particles taken into the cell

Front 75

phagocytosis

Back 75

ingestion of large molecules
-type of endocytosis

Front 76

exocytosis

Back 76

expulsion of contents to outside of cell

Front 77

epithelial tissue purposes
PID-ASS

-aka skin

Back 77

provide a means of protection, invasion and dessication
-absorption, secretion and sensation

Front 78

connective tissue
-what does it include?
BLACTB

Back 78

provides framework;
includes
bone
ligaments
adipose tissue
cartilage
tendons
blood

Front 79

nervous tissue

Back 79

neurons make up it
-all cell signaling

Front 80

muscle tissue

Back 80

3 types:
1. skeletal
2. smooth
3. cardiac

Front 81

viruses...composed of...

Back 81

composed of nucleic acids surrounded by protein coat

Front 82

viruses do/not have ribosomes

Back 82

do not

Front 83

nuclear info for viruses can be...
circular/linear?
single/double stranded?
DNA/RNA?

Back 83

all

Front 84

capsid = exterior protein coat

Back 84

know

Front 85

virus genetic material can/not reproduce independently

Back 85

can not...requires host cells

Front 86

obligate intracellular parasites means...

Back 86

can not reproduce independently

Front 87

virions =

Back 87

copies of virus

Front 88

bacteriophages are/not viruses that target bacteria

Back 88

are