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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cell division is...replication of...? 3
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cell replication of
-DNA -Organelles -cytoplasm -production of 2 daughter cells |
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cellular division results in two ___ cells
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daughter/identical
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prokaryotic cellular division is mechanism of reproduction
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know...same for unicellular eukaryotes
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mutlicellular eukaryotes and cell division
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replace cells that are old
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prokaryotes divide by binary ____
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binary fission
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binary fission is a/sexual
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asexual reproduction
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prokaryotes have/not organelles
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have not
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humans have __ chromosomes and inherit __ from each parent
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46
23 |
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cell cycle
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interphase
G1 S G2 M |
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interphase
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longest stage
-90% of cell cycle |
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G1 (presynthetic gap)
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-production of organelles for energy and protein production
-increases in size |
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G1 --> S requires...
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restriction point. checkpoint for cell
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S Stage
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-replication/synthesis of genetic material
-contains 2x amount of normal genetic material |
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each chromosome consists of 2 identical _____ attached at the ____
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chromatids
centromere |
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sister chromatids are attached at the centromere
)( |
know
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G2 (postsynthetic gap)
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final stage before cell division
-checks organelle # and cytoplasm amount |
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M stage
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mitosis and cytokinesis
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mitosis stages:
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prophase
metaphase anaphase telophase |
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cytokinesis =
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splitting of cytoplasm and organelles between daughter cells
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during interphase, individual chromosomes are more/less condensed form of chromatin
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less
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during mitosis, the DNA is more/less condensed forming chromosomes
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more
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centrioles
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involved in attaching to centromeres and moving chromosomes during separation
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centrioles are/not involved in physical movement or muscle contraction or cell movement
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are not...only move chromosomes
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prophase...draw out and label what events are occurring
C/C/N/N |
-centrioles migrate to opposite sides
-nuclear membrane disappears -chromosomes condense -nucleoli disappear |
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metaphase...draw out and label events
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-chromosomes line up and kinetochores attach
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anaphase...draw out and label events
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-kinetochores shortened toward each opposite pole
-splitting of sister chromatids |
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telophase...draw out and label events
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-nucleoli reappear
-nuclear membrane reappears -chromosomes uncoil -centrioles disappear -enters interphase stage until cytokinesis |
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cytokinesis
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separation of cytoplasm and organelles
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asexual reproduction
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production of offspring from genetic material of single parent
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asexual reproduction will result in...
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genetically identical daughter cells
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types of asexual reproduction
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1. binary fission
2. budding 3. regeneration 4. pathogenesis |
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binary fission
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reproduction in prokaryotes
-genetic material copied while attached to cell wall -production of two equal daughter cells -cell expands in sizer |
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budding
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unequal distribution of cytoplasm
-one grows right off the other -equal replication of material |
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regeneration
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regrowth of body part
-mitosis driven process |
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parthogenesis
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process by which an adult organism develops from an unfertilized egg
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the result of parthogenesis...
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haploid offspring
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sexual reproduction
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equal contribution by both parents
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gametes
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sex cells = haploid number
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meiosis
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production of gametes
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mitosis vs meiosis...main result differences
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mitosis = 2n diploid
meiosis = n haploid |
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somatic cells undergo ___ while gametocytes undergo ___
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mitosis
meiosis |
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mitosis results in 2 cells
meiosis results in 4 cells |
know
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mitosis consists of __ round/s of replication and __ round/s of division
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1 round
1 round |
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meiosis consists of __ round/s of replication and __ round/s of division
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1 round
2 rounds |
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meiosis 1 results in the separation of ____ chromosomes
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homologous
= reductional division |
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Meiosis 2 results in the separation of ____ chromatids
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sister
= equational division |
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meiosis __ is similar to mitosis
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2
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result of meiosis 2 is...
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4 haploid cells
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interphase and meiosis 1
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replication of homologous chromosomes
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prophase 1
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chromatin condense
-spindle migrate/form -nuclear membrane disappear |
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prophase 1 difference...
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crossing over occurs
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homologous chromosomes (2 pairs of chromosomes containing similar genetic materials...each chromosome from one parent)
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)-(... )-(.....)=(.....)=(
1......2......3.4.....5.6 1 = maternal chromosome 2 = paternal chromosome 1/2 are homologous chromosomes 3/4 and 5/6 = sister chromatids |
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synaptic pair = homologous chromosomes with 4 total chromatids
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aka tetrad
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crossing over =
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exchange of genetic material between chromatids of homologous chromosomes
top half 1..2..3.4......1..2...3..4 )=(..)=(..-->..)=(....)=( 1..2..3.4.......1..3...2..4 bottom half refer to pg 84 |
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crossing over does NOT occur between sister chromatids....
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only between homologous chromosomes
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the sister chromatids, after crossing over, are/not identical
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are not
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crossing over occurs because...
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increases genetic diversity
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metaphase 1
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homologous, non-identical pairs line up at plate
-kinetochores attach |
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anaphase 1
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homologous pairs separate from one another...but SISTER CHROMATIDS DO NOT
-IT IS STILL CONSIDERED TO BE 2N!! |
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process associated with anaphase 1 separation =
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disjunction
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disjunction =
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random selection of which chromosome attached to which kinetochore
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telophase 1
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-nuclear membrane forms again
-1 chromosome in each cell -2 sister chromatids in each cell -haploid -cytokinesis occurs |
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Meiosis 2
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similar to mitosis
-NO replication of genetic materials!!! |
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prophase II
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centriole migration
-disappearance of nuclear membrane |
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metaphase II
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line up and kinetchores attach
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anaphase II
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SISTER chromatids separated
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telophase II
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reformation of nuclear membrane
-spindles disappear -4 cells -cytokinesis - |
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at end of meiosis I...it produces 2 haploid cells containing 1 chromosome and 2 sister chromatids...
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know
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at end of meiosis 2 it produces 4 haploid cells with 1 chromatid each
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know
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nondisjunction occurs in stages...
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anaphase I/II
-failed separation of homolougous chromosomes or sister chromatids |
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sperm flow chart
SEVEN UP |
Seminiferous tubules
Epidydimis Vas deferens Ejaculatory duct Nothing Urethra Penis |
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male gonads form -->
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testes
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testes have 2 functional components
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1. seminiferous tubules
2. interstitial cells --aka cells of leydig |
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sperm are produced where?
nourished where? |
seminiferous tubules; sperm nourished by sertoli cells
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cells of leydig secrete...
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testosterone and androgen
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temperature is essential to sperm production
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know
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males share urethra for reproduction and urination
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know
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seminal fluid is produced by
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seminal vesicles
prostate bulbourethral |
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semen =
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sperm + seminal fluid
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semen = alkalin pH because...
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vagina = acidic
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spermatogenesis
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formation of haploid sperm through meiosis
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spermatogenesis occurs in the...
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seminiferous tubules
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2N state of sperm =
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spermatogonia
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spermatogonia -->
differentiation |
primary(1) spermatocyte(2N)
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primary spermatocyte(2N) -->
1st meiotic division |
secondary(2) spermatocyte(N)
haploid |
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secondary spermatocyte(N) -->
second meiotic division |
spermatid(N)
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spermatid(N) -->
maturation |
spermatozoa(N)
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sperm have caps called acrosomes
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know
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spermatogenesis reasults in...
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4 haploid spermatozoans
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female gonads =
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ovaries
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spermatogenesis
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formation of haploid sperm through meiosis
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spermatogenesis occurs in the...
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seminiferous tubules
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2N state of sperm =
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spermatogonia
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spermatogonia -->
differentiation |
primary(1) spermatocyte(2N)
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primary spermatocyte(2N) -->
1st meiotic division |
secondary(2) spermatocyte(N)
haploid |
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secondary spermatocyte(N) -->
second meiotic division |
spermatid(N)
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spermatid(N) -->
maturation |
spermatozoa(N)
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sperm have caps called acrosomes
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know
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spermatogenesis reasults in...
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4 haploid spermatozoans
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female gonads =
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ovaries
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ovaries produce 2 hormones...
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estrogen
progesterone |
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ovaries contain follicles that contain, nourish and protect ova
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know
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eggs are released into abdominal cavity/peritoneal sac
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know
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abdominal cavity -->
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fallopian tube
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fallopian tube -->
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uterus
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uterus =
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site of fetal development
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uterus -->
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cervix --> vagina
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oogenesis
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production of female gametes
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female gametes...
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not unlimited
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all oogonia formed during fetal development
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know
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primary oocytes =
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2n diploid
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primary oocytes are stuck in which phase??
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prophase 1
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once women begin menstration...
what is released? what stage occurs? what is produced? ____ and _____ |
one primary oocyte released/month and complete Meiosis 1 to produce a secondary oocyte and a polar body
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secondary oocyte is frozen in what step??
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metaphase II
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secondary oocyte will not finish meiosis 2 unless...
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fertilized
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2 layers surround oocyte
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zona pellucida
corona radiata |
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Meiosis 2 is triggered when...
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sperm penetrates 2 layers
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secondary oocyte, after sperm penetration, will go into meiosis 2 to produce...
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mature ovum and another polar body
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4 things produced from oogenesis...however...
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ovum is only functional unit..the polar bodies are not useful
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when does menopause usually hit?
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45-55
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after menopause, ovaries become more/less sensitive to FSH and LH
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less
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after menopause, the levels of FSH and LH....
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increase
-no estrogen and progesterone |
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fertilization
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occurs with 2ndary oocytes
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sperm can survive for 1-2 days after ejaculation
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know
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sperm cells secrete acrosomal enzymes that help them penetrate layers of ovum
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know
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after sperm penetrate the layers....what reaction occurs?
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cortical reaction
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cortical reaction
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Ca2+ released into cytoplasm and triggers formation of fertilization membrane
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fertilization membrane
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impenetrable by sperm
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monozygotic twins =
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identical
-when zygote splits -share same genome and blood type |
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dizygotic twins
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when 2 eggs released and fertilized
-individual developments |
