Biology Chapter 9: Cardiovascular System

Front 1

cardiovascular system consists of a heart, BVs, blood

Back 1

know

Front 2

right side of heart receives de/oxygenated blood

Back 2

deoxygenated

Front 3

left side of the heart receives de/oxygenated blood from the lungs

Back 3

know

Front 4

systemic loop is...

Back 4

blood circulated around the body

Front 5

pulmonary loop is...

Back 5

blood circulated to the lungs

Front 6

heart consists of two regions...

Back 6

atrium
ventricle

Front 7

atrium are thinner/thicker than the ventricles...

Back 7

thinner

Front 8

flow of blood starting at the right atrium?

Back 8

rt atrium
rt ventricle
pulmonary artery
lungs
pulmonary vein
left atrium
left ventricle
aorta
body
superior/inferior vena cava

Front 9

order of blood vessels from strongest to weakest?

Back 9

aorta
arteries
arterioles
capillaries
venules
veins

Front 10

portal system

Back 10

when a capillary bed drains into another capillary bed through veins

Front 11

hepatic portal system

Back 11

connect vascularities of intestines to the liver (flow of blood)

Front 12

hypophyseal portal system

Back 12

brain capillary exchange
-connects vaculatures of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in the brain

Front 13

coronary arteries provide the heart with oxygen and nutrients

Back 13

know

Front 14

myocardial ischemia

Back 14

bloackage of coronary arteries that leads to decreased nutrient and oxygen flow to heart

Front 15

what type of chest pain can result from myocardial ischemia

Back 15

angina

Front 16

if pain and symptoms from mayocardial ischemia continue, can lead to a heart attack

Back 16

know
-myocardial infarction

Front 17

atherosclerosis

Back 17

blockage of blood vessels, can lead to myocardial ischemia etc
-caused by cholesterol built-up or plaque

Front 18

which side is stronger and deals with higher pressure?

Back 18

left side of heart

Front 19

heart contains two types of valves

Back 19

Atrio-ventricular valves
semi-lunar valves

Front 20

rights av valve =

Back 20

tricuspid

Front 21

left ac valve =

Back 21

bicuspid aka mitral

Front 22

both av valves prevent back flow from the ventricle into the atrium

Back 22

know

Front 23

semilunar valves prevent backflow into the ventricles from either the pulmonary artery or the aorta

Back 23

know

Front 24

right SL valve =

Back 24

pulmonary SL valve

Front 25

left SL valve =

Back 25

aortic SL valve

Front 26

av valves prevent backflow during contraction/relaxation

Back 26

contraction

Front 27

sl valves prevent backflow during contraction/relaxation

Back 27

relaxation

Front 28

heart sounds
lub =
dub =

Back 28

lub = when av close
dub = sl close

Front 29

heart beat consists of two separate phases...

Back 29

systole = contraction
diastole = relaxation

Front 30

during systole, av valves closed and ventricles contract

Back 30

know

Front 31

during diastole, the SL valve is closed and av valve opened

Back 31

know

Front 32

systole = higher pressure
diastole = lower pressure

Back 32

know

Front 33

cardiac output

Back 33

total amount of blood that can be pumped in a minute

Stroke volume x HR

Front 34

avg cardiac output =

Back 34

5-6L/min

Front 35

cardiac output depends on the size and the age of the person
and cardiovascular health

Back 35

know

Front 36

heart exhibits myogenic activity

Back 36

beats to its own drum...
does not require outside signals to pump from NS

Front 37

what is pathway of electrical signals starting from the SA node?

Back 37

SA node
AV node
bundle of His
bundle branches
purkinje fibers

Front 38

SA node =

Back 38

originator of signals
-pacemaker of cell
-impulse begins here

Front 39

impulse consists of ___ to ___ signals per minute sent to AV node, etc

Back 39

60-100

Front 40

where is the SA node located?

Back 40

right atrium

Front 41

atrial kick is the extra amount of blood forced into the ventricle by the atrial contraction

Back 41

know

Front 42

AV node ____ the signal sent to the bundle of His to allow ventricles to completely fill

Back 42

delays

Front 43

purkinje fibers distribute the signal at the base of the ventricles to signal contraction

Back 43

know

Front 44

ANS consists of the para/sympathetic NS

Back 44

both

Front 45

parasympathetic NS slows/increases the HR via the vagus nerve

Back 45

slows

Front 46

sympathetic NS slows/increases the HR via the vagus nerve

Back 46

increases

Front 47

heart attack sufferers can be prescribed beta-blockers to suppress sympathetic activation

Back 47

know

Front 48

what are the three main types of vessels?

Back 48

arteries, veins, capillaries

Front 49

arteries push blood towards/away from the heart

Back 49

away
-pulmonary artery --> lungs

Front 50

veins push blood towards/away from the heart

Back 50

towards
-pulmonary vein

Front 51

most arteries contain de/oxygenated blood

Back 51

oxygenated

Front 52

which arteries contain deoxygenated blood

Back 52

pulmonary artery
fetal pulmonary artery (baby)

Front 53

veins are thin-walled and inelastic

Back 53

know

Front 54

most veins contain de/oxygenated blood

Back 54

deoxygenated

Front 55

which veins contain oxygenated blood?

Back 55

pulmonary vein
fetal pulmonary vein

Front 56

arteries are thicker and more elastic...

Back 56

know

Front 57

arteries/veins contain 3/4's of blood pooling

Back 57

veins

Front 58

how do veins prevent backflow?

Back 58

one-way valves prevent back-flow
-valve shuts if backflow occurs

Front 59

varicose veins form from the...

Back 59

failure of one-way valves
-blood pools in the legs

Front 60

are pregnant women susceptible to varicose veins?
-why?

Back 60

yes
-drastic increase in blood volume
-increased venous pressure
-fetus compresses the inferior vena cava..increase venous pressure

Front 61

how do veins move blood toward the heart?

Back 61

large veins are surrounded by skeletal muscle
-squeezes veins to contract
-forces blood up against gravity

Front 62

pulmonary embolism

Back 62

formation of blood clot that moves in blood vessel

Front 63

capillaries

Back 63

single endothelial cell layer
-allow for exchange of nutrients and gases to occur

Front 64

blood pressure

Back 64

measure of force per unit area that is exerted on the wall of the blood vessels

Front 65

sphygmomanometer

Back 65

the device used to measure BP
-measure pressure above atm

Front 66

BP = ___ over ____

Back 66

systolic over diastolic

Front 67

pressure curve with BP

Back 67

----1----2----\
-------------3-\
--------------4-\
----------------5-\_6_____7___
1 = aorta
2 = arteries
3 = arterioles
4 = capillaries
5 = venules
6 = veins
7 = vena cava

Front 68

blood component functions

Back 68

next

Front 69

water

Back 69

major solvent

Front 70

salts

Back 70

-Na, Mg, K, Ca, Cl, HCO3-
-osmotic balance
-pH buffering
-membrane permeability

Front 71

plasma proteins

Back 71

albumin
fibrinogen
immunoglobins

-osmotic balance, pH buffering, clotting, defense

Front 72

ethrocyte

Back 72

RBC
-transport O2
-hemoglobin + Fe
-CO2 transport

Front 73

leukocyte

Back 73

produce antibodies
-defense against infection

Front 74

platelets

Back 74

blood clotting

Front 75

what things are transported in blood?

Back 75

-O2
-CO2
-wastes
-nutrients (glucose, F. acids, vitamins..etc)
-hormones

Front 76

blood is composed of two main things..

Back 76

plasma(55%) and cells(45%)

Front 77

plasma is the liquid portion of blood

Back 77

its a mixture of salts, nutrients, respiratory gases, hormones and blood proteins

Front 78

cell components include...

Back 78

ethrocytes
leukocytes
platelets

Front 79

hematopoietic cells =

Back 79

undifferentiated/undetermined cell
-originate from bone marrow

Front 80

most of bloods cells come from...

Back 80

bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells

Front 81

ethrocytes are RBC
-purpose?

Back 81

oxygen transport

Front 82

RBC contain a protein called ___ that binds O2

Back 82

hemoglobin

Front 83

how many O2's can a hemoglobin molecule bind?

Back 83

4

Front 84

RBC shape is...

Back 84

biconcave )(
-allows for greater SA
-allows for greater gas exchange

Front 85

mature RBC do/not have organelles, nuclei and mitochondria

Back 85

do not

Front 86

lack of mitochondria guarantees that the RBC will not consume the oxygen carried due to cellular respiration

Back 86

know

Front 87

RBC therefore must rely on fermentation (lactic acid production) for ATP

Back 87

know

Front 88

lack of nuclei with RBC prevents/allows cellular division

Back 88

prevents
-avg lifespan = 120days
-liver phagocytizes them

Front 89

leukocytes are WBC
-form in bone marrow

Back 89

know

Front 90

leukocytes compose ___% of the blood

Back 90

1%

Front 91

WBC are crucial to immune system, defenders of pathogens, infections, foreign cells etc

Back 91

know

Front 92

WBC can be characterized into two groups

Back 92

granulocytes
agranulocytes

Front 93

granulocytes contain granules

include
-neutrophils
-basophils
-eosinophils

Back 93

involved in inflammatory reactions, allergies, pus formation, destruction of parasites and bacteria

Front 94

agranulocytes do not contain granules

include
-lymphocytes
-monocytes

Back 94

know

Front 95

lymphocytes are important in specific immune response...

Back 95

elimination of bacteria/parasites

Front 96

lymphocytes are involved in both
1. immediate fight against bacteria/parasite
2. long-term memory of pathogen

Back 96

take notes on details of bacterium, virus etc so the next time the cells come into contact with it, they form an immediate cell-response against it

ex) vaccines help build up a library for WB cells to learn from

Front 97

lymphocyte maturation occurs in 3 locations
1. spleen
2. lymph nodes
3. thymus

Back 97

know

Front 98

B-cells originate from...

Back 98

spleen and/or lymph nodes

Front 99

t-cells originate from...

Back 99

thymus

Front 100

B-cells are responsible for antibody generation

Back 100

know

Front 101

T-cells are responsible for killy infected cells and activating other immune cells

Back 101

know

Front 102

monocytes phagocytize foreign matter like bacteria

Back 102

know

Front 103

once a monocyte leaves the bone marrow, it is renamed as a macrophage

Back 103

know

Front 104

if macrophage travels to brain, it is called a microglia

Back 104

-active immune defense of CNS

Front 105

platelets are broken up megakaryocytes

Back 105

know

Front 106

platelets main function is to...

Back 106

clot blood

Front 107

how does one identify a cell type?

Back 107

look at proteins expressed on extracellular surface of cell membrane

Front 108

antigens

Back 108

molecules recognize by the immune system

Front 109

blood types

Back 109

discussed next

Front 110

blood type A
-contains which antigen?
-produces which antibodies?

Back 110

antigen = A
antibodies = B

Front 111

blood type B
-contains which antigen?
-produces which antibodies?

Back 111

antigen = B
antibody = A

Front 112

blood type AB
-contains which antigen?
-produces which antibodies?

Back 112

antigen = A, B
antibody = none

universal recipient

Front 113

blood type O
-contains which antigen?
-produces which antibodies?

Back 113

antigen = none
antibody = A, B

universal donor

Front 114

AB blood is codominant expression

Back 114

know

Front 115

A blood type can originate from which combinations?

Back 115

AA or Ai

Front 116

B blood type can originate from which combinations?

Back 116

BB or Bi

Front 117

AB blood type can originate from which combinations?

Back 117

AB

Front 118

O blood type can originate from which combinations?

Back 118

ii

Front 119

if patient with type A blood receives type B blood, what will occur

Back 119

hemolysis
-breakdown of RBC and antibody-B number increases

Front 120

Rh factor is a surface protein on RBC

Back 120

know

Front 121

Rh+ means..
Rh- means..

Back 121

presence = +
absence = -

Front 122

Rh presence is Dominant

Back 122

know

Front 123

Rh factor is important with maternal-fetal blood

Back 123

know

Front 124

if woman is Rh- and her baby is Rh+, the woman will begin to produce Rh+ antibodies

Back 124

this is not a problem with first baby

Front 125

any pregnancies after Rh+ antibodies built up will lead to issues if next baby is Rh+

Back 125

know

Front 126

the antibody Rh's will attack the fetal Rh+ blood cells, resulting in hemolysis of fetal blood cells

Back 126

know
these Rh-antibodies are CAPABLE of crossing into the placenta

Front 127

this condition of mother blood cells(Rh-) attacking Rh+ fetal blood cells is called...

Back 127

erythroblastosis fetalis

Front 128

medicine can be used to prevent this situation from occurring, supressing the mother's blood from attacking

Back 128

know

Front 129

mismatching of ABO blood is less of a concern between baby and mother since blood is not intermixed...

Back 129

know
-maternal A-antibodies and B-antibodies are not capable of crossing the placenta unlike the Rh-antibodies

Front 130

what are the two most important gases transported in blood?

Back 130

CO2
O2

Front 131

oxygen = lungs --> tissue
CO2 = tissue --> lungs

Back 131

know

Front 132

binding or releasing of O2 to the heme group Fe is a redox reaction

Back 132

know

Front 133

as more O2 binds Fe, the affinity for O2 in/decreases

Back 133

increases

Front 134

with each O2 binding, a conformational shift occurs

Back 134

know

Front 135

once Fe full with 4 O2 molecules, the removal of one will cause a shape change to occur

Back 135

results in decreased affinity for O2
-quickly releases O2 after 1 removed

Front 136

O2 affinity results in a Sigmoidal S curve

Back 136

know

Front 137

hemoglobin protein = quaternary structure

Back 137

know

Front 138

myoglobin lacks quaternary structure and is not sigmoidal

Back 138

myoglobin used to move O2 from hemoglobin to muscles

Front 139

shifts in sigmoidal curve...
shift to right =
shift to left =

Back 139

right = less affinity for O2
--less O2 bound
--lower saturation
left = more affinity for O2
--more O2 bound
--higher saturation

Front 140

right shift caused by
-acidic pH
-increase CO2 partial pressure
-increase in temperature

Back 140

occurs with exercise

Front 141

shift to left caused by
-increase in O2 partial pressure

Back 141

know

Front 142

fetal hemoglobin > adult hemoglobin

Back 142

know
-affinity wise

Front 143

CO2 = non-polar
-does not dissolve in plasma well

Back 143

know

Front 144

CO2 carried by hemoglobin

Back 144

though CO2 affinity < O2 affinity

Front 145

whats most common CO2 form in blood?

Back 145

HCO3-
bicarbonate

Front 146

CO2 + H2O + carbanic anhydrase --> H2CO3 --> H+ + HCO3-

Back 146

know
equation from lungs to blood

Front 147

H+ and HCO3- have high solubility in water = more effective way of transportation

Back 147

know

Front 148

reverse EQ for blood --> lungs

CO2 + H2O + carbanic anhydrase <-- H2CO3 <-- H+ + HCO3-

Back 148

know

Front 149

Eq helps with pH control since directly produces H+ or removes it!

CO2 + H2O + carbanic anhydrase <--> H2CO3 <--> H+ + HCO3-

Back 149

know

Front 150

bohr effect

Back 150

increasing concentration of protons and/or carbon dioxide will reduce the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin

-Increasing blood carbon dioxide levels can lead to a decrease in pH because of the chemical equilibrium is shifted to produce H+.

CO2 + H2O + carbanic anhydrase <--> H2CO3 <--> H+ + HCO3-

Front 151

Bohr effect seen with increased activity = increased O2 demand = increased CO2 production ---> shifts EQ to RIGHT

Back 151

know

Front 152

HCO3- + H+ and H2CO3 act as a blood buffer against pH changes

Back 152

know

Front 153

pH of blood...

Back 153

7.4

Front 154

carbohydrates and AA
-absorbed in SI capillaries, enter systemic circulation via hepatic portal system

Back 154

hepatic = intestine --> liver

Front 155

fats
-absorbed into lacteals in SI
-BYPASS the hepatic portal circulation and enter systemic circulation via thoracic duct
-fats repackaged as lipoproteins = H2O soluble

Back 155

know

Front 156

wastes that enter bloodstream

Back 156

CO2
Urea
NH3(ammonia)

-travel down concentration gradients = passive diffusion
-from tissue --> capillary

Front 157

in bloodstream, there are 2 pressure gradients...

Back 157

hydrostatic
osmotic

Front 158

hydrostatic pressure is generated by contraction of heart and elasticity of arteries

Back 158

pressure is high at arteriole end of capillary

Front 159

hydrostatic pressure is force/unit area that blood exerts against the vessel walls

Back 159

know

Front 160

hydrostatic pressure =

Back 160

bloodstream --> interstitial space of tissues

-forces nutrients out of blood and into tissues

Front 161

as fluid moves out of blood vessels, the hydrostatic pressure DROPS

Back 161

know

Front 162

at venule end of capillary, the osmotic pressure is high

Back 162

osmotic pressure is generated by the concentration of particles in plasma compartment

Front 163

called oncotic/osmotic pressure because it depends on the concentration of plasma proteins

Back 163

know

Front 164

osmotic pressure pushes fluid from interstitial fluid into the bloodstream

Back 164

know

Front 165

hydrostatic pressure is an outward force (pushes out of blood stream) while osmotic/oncotic is an inward force(pulls into bloodstream)

Back 165

know

Front 166

both pressures mess with nutrients, wastes and fluids

Back 166

know

Front 167

balance between the two forces =

Back 167

starling forces

Front 168

edema =

Back 168

accumulation of fluid in the interstitial region

Front 169

lymphatic system takes up interstitial fluid

Back 169

returns it into circulation

Front 170

thoracic duct

Back 170

part of lymphatic system where fluid returned to blood stream

Front 171

edema can arise from blocked lymph nodes or surgical invasion

Back 171

know

Front 172

when platelets come into contact with exposed collagen(makes up connective tissue)...

Back 172

senses this as an injury

Front 173

platelets in response to this, release contents, aggregate

Back 173

clump together

Front 174

thromboplastin

Back 174

clotting agent released/produced by platelets

Front 175

thromboplastin converts prothrombin to ___ with the help of enzymatic cofactors ___ and vitamin ___

Back 175

thrombin
Ca2+
Vitamin K

Front 176

thrombin converts fibrinogen to ___

Back 176

fibrin
-a protein that makes little fibers that aggregate like a net and capture RBC/platelets = clot

Front 177

back trace...osmotic pressure remains constant from arteriole to venule (across capillary bed)....

Back 177

continue (my bad)

Front 178

if clotting occurs at skin surface...it is a...

Back 178

scab

Front 179

hemophilia = lack of clotting ability

Back 179

recessive disorder