Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
tendons
|
attach skeletal muscle to bone
|
|
|
abducting
|
moving away from the body
|
|
|
adducting
|
moving toward the body
|
|
|
origin
|
point on the bone that is closest to body center that has very little more
|
|
|
insertion
|
point on the bone that is furthest from the body center
|
|
|
contraction
|
insertion brought closer to the origin
|
|
|
antagonistic
|
muscles responsible for opposing movement directions
|
|
|
synergistic
|
moves the joint in the same direction
|
|
|
fasicles
|
bundles of contractile tissue
|
|
|
myofibers
|
muscle fibers in each fasicle
|
|
|
syncytia
|
fusion of individual cells during development, innervated with a single nerve.
|
|
|
sarcolemma
|
membrane of myofibers; includes polysaccharides and collagen to help with fusing
|
|
|
t/f
skeletal muscles are multinucleate |
t
|
|
|
myofibril
|
inside the muscle cell, it generates contractile force, contains actin (thin filaments) and myosin (thick filaments)
|
|
|
sarcomere
|
overlapping actin and myosin
|
|
|
H-Zone
|
thick filament
|
|
|
A-band
|
full myosin band
|
|
|
I-band
|
just the actin
|
|
|
M-line
|
middle line
|
|
|
Z-line
|
border of the sarcomere
|
|
|
t/f
In vivo, skeletal muscle cells are Ca2+ independent for contraction |
f
|
|
|
tropomyosin
|
blocks the myosin binding site on actin. moved when troponin is activ.
|
|
|
troponin
|
regulator of tropomyosin (moves it and opens myosin binding site when activated with Ca2+)
|
|
|
Nueromuscular Junction
|
1. synapse between an axon terminus and a myofiber.
2. has a long invagination of cell membrane to allow for more depolarization at one time. |
|
|
NT of the motorend plate
|
ACh
|
|
|
T-tubule
|
1. AP cannot reach the sarcoplasmic ret. on its own
2. T-tubule allows AP to get to the SR. |
|
|
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
|
1. specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum
2. contains voltage gated Ca2+ channels |
|
|
Two ways to increase force of contraction
|
1. motor unit recruitment
2. frequency summation |
|
|
Motor unit recruitment
|
a larger twitch can be obtained by recruiting more motor neurons
|
|
|
Frequency summation
|
insuffiicient time for Ca2+ to be sequestered, contraction will build on top of each other.
|
|
|
tetanus
|
1.strongest possible contraction
2 a rapidly repeating series of stimulations |
|
|
Creatine phosphate
|
1. energy storage in the myofiber
2. makes ATP when glycolysis and respiration are slow |
|
|
Cardiac & Skeletal Muscle Similarities
|
1. thick & thin filaments are organized into sarcomeres (stirated)
2. T-tubules are present and do same function 3. uses troponin and tropomyosin 4. length-tension relationship |
|
|
Cardiac Muscle distincton from Skeletal Muscle
|
1. cardiac is mononucleated
2. cardiac connected by intercalated disks 3. cardiac not depednent on stimulation by motor neurons. 4. innverated by the the parasympathetic system (ACh inihibits spon. depolarization 5. AP in cardiac depend not only on VG Na+ channels, but also on VG Na+/Ca2+ channels (slow channels) |
|
|
Comparing smooth to skeletal muscle
(1 of 2) |
1. both use actin/myosin filaments
2. both have Ca2+ triggered contraction 3. smooth does not have branches 4. smooth is mononucleated 5. smooth AP varies depending of action of smooth muscle 6. have only slow Na2+/Ca2+ channels (takes 10-20x longer) |
|
|
Comparing smooth to skeletal muscle
(2 of 2) |
1. thick and them filaments aren't organized into sarcomeres
2. T-tubules not present 3. SR present, but not needed 4. troponin/tropomyosin not present, contraction regulated by MLCK and calmodulin. 5. innervated by motor neurons, but are autonomic |
|
|
functions of the skeleton
|
1. support body
2. provide framework for movement 3. protect vital organs 4. store calcium 5. marrow makes RBCs, WBCs, and platelets. |
|
|
fibroblast
|
1. all connective tissue comes from fibroblast
2. able to secrete collagen and elastin |
|
|
fibroblast-derived cells (3)
|
1. adipocytes
2. chondrocytes 3. osteocytes |
|
|
Two types of connective tissue
|
1. loose connective
2. dense connective |
|
|
Loose connective tissue
|
1. adipose tissue
2. EC matrix 3. basement membrane |
|
|
EC matrix
|
1. material located between cells
2. main ingredients: proteogylcans & GAGs |
|
|
Basement membrane
|
sheet of collagen that supports the cell layers
|
|
|
Dense connective tissue
|
1. bones
2. tendons 3. ligaments (all contain a large amount of collagen) |
|
|
Two types of connective tissue
|
1. loose connective
2. dense connective |
|
|
Loose connective tissue
|
1. adipose tissue
2. EC matrix 3. basement membrane |
|
|
EC matrix
|
1. material located between cells
2. main ingredients: proteogylcans & GAGs |
|
|
Basement membrane
|
sheet of collagen that supports the cell layers
|
|
|
Dense connective tissue
|
1. bones
2. tendons 3. ligaments (all contain a large amount of collagen) |
|
|
Two primary bone shapes
|
1. flat
2. long |
|
|
Flat bones
|
1. location of hematopoesis
2. important for organ protection |
|
|
Long bones
|
1. important for support and movment
|
|
|
Diaphysis
|
main shaft of the long bone
|
|
|
Epiphysis
|
flared end of the long bone
|
|
|
Structure of bone
|
either compact or spongy
|
|
|
t/f
most bones are composted of spongy bone surr. by a compact bone |
t
|
|
|
Red marrow
|
1. found in spongy bone of flat bones
2. site of erythropoesis |
|
|
Yellow marrow
|
1. found in shafts of long bones
2. filled w/fat and is inactive |
|
|
Bone is composed of what two principle ingredients?
|
1. collagen
2. hydroxyapatite |
|
|
hydroxyapatite
|
solde material consisting of Ca2+ phosphate crystals
|
|
|
spicules/trabeculae
|
spikes of bone in spongy bone
|
|
|
basic unit of compact bone structure
|
haversian system, osteon is a hole called a Haversian canal, which contains blood, lymph, and nerves
|
|
|
Lamellae
|
surrounding the canal
|
|
|
Canaliculi
|
branch out from Haversian canal to spaces called lacunae (in ea lacunae is an osteocyte)
|
|
|
How do osteocytes communicate?
|
via gap junctions
|
|
|
3 types of cartilage
|
1. hyaline
2. elastic 3. fibrous |
|
|
Hyaline cartilage
|
strong & somewhat flexible
i.e. larynx and trachea |
|
|
Elastic cartilage
|
elastic
found in ear |
|
|
Fibrous cartilage
|
very rigid, found in place where strong support is needed (ie spinal cord & pubic symphysis)
|
|
|
3 types of cartilage
|
1. hyaline
2. elastic 3. fibrous |
|
|
Hyaline cartilage
|
strong & somewhat flexible
i.e. larynx and trachea |
|
|
Elastic cartilage
|
elastic
found in ear |
|
|
Fibrous cartilage
|
very rigid, found in place where strong support is needed (ie spinal cord & pubic symphysis)
|
|
|
t/f
cartilage is not innervated, but it does contain RBCs |
f
cartilage is not innervated and does not contain RBCs |
|
|
what structure is found during childhood in the bone and where is it located?
|
1. epiphyseal plate
2. located between diaphysis and the epiphysis |
|
|
osteoblasts
|
make bone by laying down collagen and hydroxyapatite
|
|
|
osteoclasts
|
breakdown bone
|
|
|
PTH
|
hormone that increases Ca2+ blood levels
|
|
|
Calcitonin
|
hormone that decreases Ca2+ blood levels
|
|
|
Calcitrol
|
increases Ca2+ blood levels, but by different means than the PTH
|
|
|
Ligament
|
connects bones to bones
|
|
|
tendon
|
connect bones to muscles
|
|
|
joint
|
one bone meets another
|
|
|
Synarthoses
|
imovable joint
|
|
|
Amphiarthoses
|
slightly moveable joint
|
|
|
Diarthoses
|
provides both movability and support
|
|
|
Synovial fluid
|
1. lubes moveable joints.
2. kept in the synovial capsule. |
