Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
functional unit of a kidney is a ____
|
nephron
|
|
|
the kidney is composed of two regions...
|
cortex
medulla |
|
|
cortex is the outermost layer
|
know
|
|
|
medulla is the inner layers
|
know
|
|
|
the renal pelvis is the deepest, internal region
|
know
|
|
|
renal pelvis contains the
-renal artery -renal vein -ureter |
renal artery supplies O2 rich blood
renal vein removes O2 poor blood |
|
|
kidney has a portal system
|
know
|
|
|
renal artery branches out in medulla and into cortex as afferent arterioles
|
afferent arterioles diverge into capillaries and glomerulus
|
|
|
after blood passes through glomerulus, the efferent arterioles lead the blood away from glomerulus
|
know
|
|
|
efferent arterioles lead blood to vasa recta
|
set of capillaries located in the medulla region of the kidney
|
|
|
glomerulus is surrounded by the bowman's capsule which catches fluids
|
know
|
|
|
bowman's capsule --> proximal convoluted tubule --> descending --> ascending --> distal convoluted tubule --> collection duct
|
know
|
|
|
kidney is responsible for 3 things...
|
filtration
secretion reabsorption |
|
|
glomerulus is responsible for filtration of fluid/blood
|
collected fluid in the bowman's capsule is called filtrate
|
|
|
filtrate does/not contain cells or proteins due to size
|
does not
-large molecules in blood can not be filtered into the filtrate since the pores in the bowman's capsule are too small large things remain in the blood |
|
|
filtrate is isotonic to blood while in glomerulus/bowman's capsule
|
know
|
|
|
nephrons of kidneys are capable of secreting salts, acids, bases urea directly into tubule by active/passive transport
|
know
|
|
|
reabsorption of filtered or secreted compounds is possible
|
know
-like amino acids or glucose |
|
|
kidney is selectively permeable
|
reabsorption occurs in the proximal and distal convoluted tubules
|
|
|
ascending and descending loops of henle and collection duct are more selective
|
descending is permeable to water(osmolarity increases)
ascending loop is permeable to salt (decreases osmolarity) collection duct reabsorbs water -if hydrated, becomes impermeable to reabsorbing water |
|
|
if not well hydrated, ADH and aldosterone kick in to increase water reabsorption
|
know
|
|
|
kidney functions as a countercurrent multiplier system
|
counter current movement set up by gradients between tubules and interstitium
|
|
|
draw the kidney tubule system
|
see pg 236
|
|
|
both active and passive transport used with contents of tubules...
|
active transport only used in the ascending loop of henle towards the distal conv. tubule...used to force salts out into interstitium
|
|
|
proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs...
tonicity? |
glucose
amino acids soluble vitamins most salts water tonicity = isotonic |
|
|
descending loop of henle is permeable to...
|
water
-filtrate becomes hyperosmotic |
|
|
ascending loop of henle is permeable to...
|
salts...passive and active transport involved
-osmolarity lessens as ascends -eventually becomes isoosmotic |
|
|
distal convoluted tubule reabsorbs salts and water
|
maintains isoosmolarity
|
|
|
collection duct
|
increased permeability = increased reabsorption of water = increased osmolarity of filtrate
|
|
|
collection duct hormones =
|
ADH and aldosterone
|
|
|
aldosterone
-secreted from... |
steriod hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to decreased blood volume
-acts on the COLLECTION DUCT |
|
|
decreased BV = less fluid in tubules = low BP
|
reabsorption of contents to increase Blood Volume
|
|
|
aldosterone is released due to increase in ____
|
angiotensin; regulated by renin
|
|
|
aldosterone works to reabsorb ___
|
sodium
-reabsorption of sodium leads to water following; reabsorbed passively |
|
|
net effect = increased BV from aldosterone release
|
know
|
|
|
aldosterone also increases K excretion
|
know
|
|
|
high BP medication blocks/encourages aldosterone behavior
|
blocks
|
|
|
ADH
|
peptide horomone
-directly alters collection duct -allows H2O to be reabsorbed; makes cell junction leaky |
|
|
ADH is made in the hypothalamus, stored in the ___ pituitary and secreted when blood osmolarity is high
|
posterior
|
|
|
___ and ___ inhibt ADH, lead to frequent urination
|
alcohol
caffeine |
|
|
anything that does not leave tubule will be excreted
|
know
|
|
|
fluid not reabsorbed contains...
|
urea, uric acid and excess ions(Na, Ca, K, Mg) --> ureter to bladder --> toilet
|
|
|
what 3 compounds should not be in the urine?
|
blood
glucose protein |
|
|
if blood in urine...issue with what filtration unit?
|
glomerulus
-RBC are too big to be filtered |
|
|
Amino acids and SMALL proteins can be filtered, but should be reabsorbed
|
know
|
|
|
liver
|
produces bile(fat absorption --> increased solubility)
|
|
|
liver is responsible for assisting wit blood glucose regulation and the elimination of nitrogen waste through urea
|
know
|
|
|
nutrients absorbed during digestion are delivered to the liver through the hepatic portal ____
|
hepatic portal vein
|
|
|
gluose vs glycogen..
|
glycogen = stored form of sugar
glucose = useable form of sugar in body |
|
|
liver is capable of of creating new glucose from precursors through ____
|
gluconeogenesis
|
|
|
liver acts as a storage depot for glucose
|
know
|
|
|
shortage of glucose --> use of amino acids
|
amino acids must undergo deamination = removal of amino group
-this would normally create toxic ammonia, but its combined with CO2 to form urea....excreted through kidneys/ureter/urethra |
|
|
liver's functions include...
-detox -vitamin/cofactor storage -recycle RBC -create bile -create blood proteins -defend against antigens -Beta-oxidation of F. acids to ketones -interconversion of carbs, fats, amino acids |
cofactors = iron/B12
|
|
|
large intestine is capable of reabsorbing vitamins and H2O salt
|
know
|
|
|
LI can also excrete Ca2+ and Fe2+
|
know
|
|
|
skin is the largest organ in our body
|
know
|
|
|
skin has three main layers...
|
epidermis
dermis hypodermis |
|
|
epidermis is divided into...
-stratum corneum -stratum lucidum -stratum granulosm -stratum spinospum -stratum basilis |
remember
Stratum CKGSB Cats Kick Great Soft Balls |
|
|
top surface areas are pushed up/down from the stratum basilis
|
up
-stratum basilis pushes layers upward |
|
|
as cells reach outermost layer, they die and lose their nuclei
|
know
|
|
|
dermis consists of...
papillary layer recticular layer |
know
|
|
|
papillary layer
|
upper layer that consists of LOOSE Connective Tissue
|
|
|
recticular layer
|
denser, lower layer
|
|
|
dermis includes...
sweat glands sense organs (touch/temperature) hair follicles |
know
|
|
|
hypodermis
|
layer of connective tissue that connects skin to body
|
|
|
skin functions to protect from elements and microbes, but also to protect against UV light, thermoregulation(endotherms) and transduction of sensory information
|
know
|
|
|
melanocytes
|
secrete melanin pigment, which protects against UV rays and DNA damage
|
|
|
skin; temperature and touch
thermoregulation occurs through vaso______ |
dilation
-release of excess heat constriction -maintenance of heat sweating -cooling temperature |
|
|
heat loss from bodies is prevented due to pads of subcutaneous fat that provide insulation
|
know
|
|
|
shivering = involuntary muscle contraction/relaxation...
|
generates heat
|
|
|
endotherms/homeotherms =
|
capable of maintaining a constant body temperature
|
|
|
ectotherms =
|
maintain body temperature according to an external source...
sun, water, shade etc |
|
|
torpor =
aestivate = hibernation = |
decreased arousal(short-term)
hot-hibernation cold temperature |
