Biology Chapter 10: The Immune System

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leukocytes can contribute to both innate immunity and adaptive immunity

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know

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granulocytes =

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neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils

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agranulocytes =

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lymphocytes
monocytes

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lymphocytes are responsible for antibody production, immune system modulation and targeted killing of infected cells

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know

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monocytes serve as nonspecific collectors of debris (foreign and domestic)

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know

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lymphocytes that contribute to adaptive immunity are..

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B-cells
T-cells

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T-cells mature in the..

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thymus

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B-cells mature in the...

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spleen and liver

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innate immune system

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includes phagocytes
-dendritic cells/macrophages activate inflammatory response that secretes proteins called cytokine that trigger an influx of defensive cells from the blood
-recruit more phagocytes and neutrophils

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adaptive immunity

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B cells and T cells
-B cells secrete antibody molecules that bind to antigens and label them as "bad" for the T cells to destroy

-b cells also capable of directly destroying the pathogen

-T cells activate B cells and more t cells

-t/b cells spawn memory cells that eliminate invaders previously encountered

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innate immunity = non-specific and generic approach towards killing pathogen...however, but do not formulate a memory of the pathogen

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know

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innate = non specific response

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know

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adaptive = specific response

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know

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specific/adaptive split into 2 types...
1. humoral immunity
2. cell-mediated immunity

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know

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humoral immunity is driven by ___ cells and antibodies

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B cells and antibodies

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cell-mediated immunity is driven by _ cells

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T cells

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how do cells not attack their own kind?

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use of antibodies = protein and carbohydrate markers on extracellular layer

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autoimmunity =

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failure of cells to recognize friend from foe and attack its own cells

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allergies arise from misidentification of intruder as dangerous...

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know

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first line of defense against pathogens is the skin/dermis

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know

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sweat contains an enzyme that is antibacterial in nature

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know

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mucous membranes within in mouth, throat and nose catch air pathogens and can be expelled as phlegm

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know

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lysozyme is produced around the eye and oral cavities that acts as an antibacterial

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know

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lysozyme = nonspecific

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know

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macrophages travel to site of infection/inflammation by chemicals like...

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histamine

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histamine causes vaso___ and allows macrophages to move out of the bloodstream and into the tissue

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vasodilation

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neutrophils can be recruited to the site of inflammation

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know

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cells that become infected from a virus, can produce ____ a protein that prevents viral replication and dispersion

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interferon

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interferon production is considered to be _____ since it is generally applied to viruses

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non-specific`

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interferon production, lysozyme production, mucous membrane, sweat and dermis are all non-specific and therefore part of ____ immunity

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innate

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innnate immunity is helpful since it begins to fight infections immediately/delayed

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immediately

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players of innate immunity include...
-macrophage
-mast cells
-granulocyte
-dendritic cells

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-macrophage eats pathogens

-mast cells release histamine, recruiting macrophages/neutrophils and promoting inflammation

-granulocytes involved with inflammation

-dendritic cells present antigens to adaptive immune cells

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humoral/adaptive immunity is fast/slowed

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slowed
-takes time to build up army

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humoral immunity involves the production of _____

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antibodies

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antibodies are non/specific

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specific

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antibodies produced by __ cells

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B cells

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anitbodies aka immunoglobins(Ig)...bind to specific antigens, they attract leukocytes to phagocytize antigens

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know

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antibodies are Y shaped that are mad eup of two identical heavy chains and 2 identical light chains

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know

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disulfide linkages and noncovalent interactions hold heavy and light chains together

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know

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each antibody has an antigen-binding region at the two top tips of the Y

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know

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each B cell makes only one antibody, but have many b cells so can produce a whole number of different antibodies

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know

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not all B-cells actively or constantly produce antibodies

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this is because it is too expensive from an energetic perspective

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B-cells therefore wait in the lymph nodes for their specific antigen to pop up

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once exposed to correct/matching antigen, B-cells will increase in number and produce two types of daughter cells

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the two types of daughter cells include
1. plasma cells
2. memory cells

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plasma cells produce large amounts of antibody

memory cells stay in lymph to recognize antigen

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initial activation takes 7-10 days

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aka the primary response

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plasma cells die while the memory cells last the lifetime

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know

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memory cells, if recognize the antigen again, will produce antibodies specific for antigen

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aka the secondary response
-more rapid and robust

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vaccinations help establish memory cells

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know

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cell-mediated immunity

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next...

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3 types of t-cells

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1. helper t-cells
2. suppressor t-cells
3. killer t-cells

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helper t-cells aka T4 cells
-express CD4 cell-surface protein
-coordinate the immune response by secreting lymphokines

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lymphokines recruit other immune cells(plasma cells, macrophages, killer cells) and increase their activity

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HIV destroys T4 or helper-cells...this leads to...

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decreased recruitment and decreased activity of immune cells

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killer aka cytotoxic cells are T8 cells
-express the CD8 surface protein
-capable of directly killing infected cells by secreting toxic chemicals

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know

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suppressor t-cells

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another T8 member
-help to lower/reduce immune system once infection is contained

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t-cells may help form memory cells

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know

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organ transplant recipients will constantly deal with immune system attacks...need to be on immunosuppressants to lower chances of rejection

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know

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active or passive immunization is possible

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know

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active immunity involves the immune system being stimulated to produce antibodies against a specific pathogen

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natural exposure to pathogen will increase antibody and memory cell production to defeat pathogen

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another active form is vaccination exposure

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vaccinations contain antigen, activating B cell production of antibodies

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passive immunity results from transfer of antibodies to an individual

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b cells not passed down, only antibodies
-ex) mother --> fetus antibody distribution

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lymphatic system

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type of circulatory system
-one way vessels
-venous system (move toward heart)

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lymphatic system helps drain interstitial fluid and return to blood stream

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know

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lacteals...

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smallest lymphatic vessels that collect fats in form of chylomicrons from SI and deliver to blood stream
-bypasses the liver

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lymph nodes swell and contain immune cells =

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b cells