Biol 323 Ex - Unit 2 Exam Ch. 7 - Vitamins

Front 1

What is a vitamin?

Back 1

= An essential, noncaloric, organic nutrient needed in tiny amounts in the diet and help to drive cell processes in the body.

Front 2

What is the role of vitamins?

Back 2

= To help make possible the processes by which other nutrients are digested, absorbed, and metabolized or built into body structures.

Front 3

What are the fat-soluble vitamins and where are they found?

Back 3

A, D, E, K

Found in the fats and oils of foods and require bile for absorption.

Front 4

Fat soluble vitamins:

Absorption

Back 4

Absorbed like fats, first into the lymph, then the blood.

Front 5

Fat soluble vitamins:

Transport and storage

Back 5

Must travel with protein carriers in watery body fluids; stored in the liver or fatty tissues

Front 6

Fat soluble vitamins:

Excretion

Back 6

not readily excreted; tend to build up in the tissues. Toxicities are likely from supplements, but occur rarely from food.

Front 7

Fat soluble vitamins:

Requirements

Back 7

Needed in periodic doses (perhaps weeks or even months) b/c the body can draw on its stores.

Front 8

What are the water-soluble vitamins and where are they found?

Back 8

Vitamin C and B
body absorbs easily and just as easily excretes them in the urine;

can remain in lean tissues for a month or more, but can easily be picked up by extracellular fluids, washed away by the blood, and excreted.

Front 9

Water-soluble vitamins:

Absorption

Back 9

Absorbed directly into the blood

Front 10

Water-soluble vitamins:

Transport and Storage

Back 10

Travel freely in watery fluids; most are not stored in the body

Front 11

Water-soluble vitamins:

Excretion

Back 11

Readily excreted in the urine

Front 12

Water-soluble vitamins:

Toxicity

Back 12

Toxicities are unlikely but possible with high doses from supplements

Front 13

Water-soluble vitamins:

Requirements

Back 13

Needed in frequent doses (perhaps 1 to 3 days) because the body does not store most of them to any extent

Front 14

Vitamin A:

Other Names

Back 14

Retinol, retinal, retinoic acid;
main precursor is beta-carotene

Front 15

Vitamin A:

Chief function in the body

Back 15

Vision;
health of cornea, epithelia cells, mucous membranes, skin;
bone and tooth growth; regulation of gene expression; reproduction;
immunity

Beta-carotene: antioxidant

Front 16

Vitamin A:

Significant sources

Back 16

Retinal: fortified milk, cheese, cream, butter, fortified margarine, eggs, liver

Beta-carotene: spinach & other dark, leafy greens; broccoli; deep orange fruits (apricots, cantaloupe) and vegetables (winter squash, carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkin)

Front 17

Vitamin A:

Deficiency symptoms

Back 17

Blood/circulatory: Anemia
Bones/Teeth: Cessation of bone growth, painful joints; impaired enamel formation, cracks in teeth, tendency toward tooth decay
Digestive: Diarrhea, changes in intestinal & other body linings
Immune: Freq. infections
Nervous/Muscular:Night blindness (retinal), mental depression
Skin & Cornea: Keratinization, corneal degen. leading to blindness, rashes
Other: Kidney stones, impaired growth

Front 18

Vitamin A:

Toxicity symptoms

Back 18

Blood/circ.: RBC breakage, cessation of menstruation, nosebleeds

Bones/Teeth: Bone pain; growth retardation; increased pressure inside skull; headaches; possible bond mineral loss

Digestive: Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss

Immune: Overreactivity

Nervous/Muscular: Blurred vision, muscle weakness, fatigue, irritability, loss of appetite

Skin & Cornea: Dry skin, rashes, loss of hair; cracking & bleeding lips, brittle nails; hair loss

Other: Liver enlargement & liver damage; birth defects

Front 19

Vitamin D:

Other names

Back 19

Calciferol, cholecalcifoerol, dihydroxy vitamin D

Precursor is cholesterol

Front 20

Vitamin D:

Chief functions in the body

Back 20

Mineralization of bones (raises blood calcium & phosphorus via absorption from digestive tract & by w/drwg calcium from calcium from bones & stimulating retention by kidneys)

Front 21

Vitamin D:

Deficiency disease name

Back 21

Rickets, osteomalacia

Front 22

Vitamin D:

Significant sources

Back 22

-Self-synthesis w/ sunlight
-Fortified milk or margarine
Liver, sardines, salmon, shrimp

Front 23

Vitamin D:

Deficiency symptoms

Back 23

Blood/circ: N/A

Bones/Teeth: Abnormal growth, misshapen bones (bowing of legs), soft bones, joint pain, malformed teeth

Nervous: Muscle spasms

Other: N/A

Front 24

Vitamin D:

Toxicity symptoms

Back 24

Blood/circ: Raised blood calcium; calcification of blood vessels & heart tissues

Bones/Teeth: Calcification of tooth soft tissues; thinning of tooth enamel

Nervous: Excessive thirst, headaches, irritability, loss of appetite, weakness, nausea

Other: Kidney stones; calcification of soft tissues (kidney, lungs, joints); mental & physical retardation of offspring

Front 25

Vitamin E:

Other names

Back 25

alpha-tocopherol, tocopherol

Front 26

Vitamin E:

Chief functions in the body

Back 26

Antioxidant (quenching of free radicals), stabilization of cell membranes, support of immune function, protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids; normal nerve development

Front 27

Vitamin E:

Significant sources

Back 27

-Polyunsaturated plant oils (margarine, salad dressings, shortenings)
-Green & leafy vegetables
-Wheat germ
-Whole-grain products
-Nuts, seeds

Front 28

Vitamin E:

Deficiency symptoms

Back 28

Blood/circ: RBC breakage, anemia

Digestive: Nerve degen., weakness, difficulty walking, leg cramps

Eyes: N/A

Nervous/Muscular: N/A

Front 29

Vitamin E:

Toxicity symptoms

Back 29

Blood/circ: Augments the effects of anticlotting medication

Digestive: General discomfort, nausea

Eyes: Blurred vision

Nervous/Muscular: Fatigue

Front 30

Vitamin K:

Other names

Back 30

phylloquinone, naphthoquinone

Front 31

Vitamin K:

Chief functions in the body

Back 31

Synthesis of blood-clotting proteins & proteins important in bone mineralization

Front 32

Vitamin K:

Significant sources

Back 32

- Bacterial synthesis in the digestive tract
- Green leafy vegetables
- cabbage-type vegetables, soybeans, vegetable oils

Front 33

Vitamin K:

Deficiency symptoms

Back 33

Blood/circ: Hemorrhage

Bones: Poor skeletal mineralization

Front 34

Vitamin K:

Toxicity symptoms

Back 34

Blood/circ: Interference w/ anticlotting medication

Bones: N/A

Front 35

Vitamin C: (Water-soluble)

Other name

Back 35

Ascorbic acid

Front 36

Vitamin C: (Water-soluble)

Chief function

Back 36

Collagen synthesis (strengthens blood vessel walls, forms scar tissue, matrix for bone growth), antioxidant, restores vitamin E to active form, hormone synthesis, supports immune cell functions, helps in absorption of iron

Front 37

Vitamin C: (Water-soluble)

Deficiency disease name

Back 37

Scurvy

Front 38

Vitamin C: (Water-soluble)

Significant sources

Back 38

Citrus fruits, cabbage-type vegetables, dark green vegetables, cantaloupe, strawberries, peppers, lettuce, tomatoes, potatoes, papayas, mangoes

Front 39

Vitamin C: (Water-soluble)

Deficiency symptoms

Back 39

Digestive: N/A

Immune: Immune suppression, freq. infections

Mouth, Gums, Tongue: Bleeding gums, loosened teeth

Nervous/Muscular: Muscle degen. & pain, depression, disorientation

Skeletal: Bone fragility, joint pain

Skin: Pinpoint hemorrhages, rough skin, blotchy bruises

Other: Failure of wounds to heal

Front 40

Vitamin C: (Water-soluble)

Other name

Back 40

Ascorbic acid

Front 41

Vitamin C: (Water-soluble)

Chief function

Back 41

Collagen synthesis (strengthens blood vessel walls, forms scar tissue, matrix for bone growth), antioxidant, restores vitamin E to active form, hormone synthesis, supports immune cell functions, helps in absorption of iron

Front 42

Vitamin C: (Water-soluble)

Deficiency disease name

Back 42

Scurvy

Front 43

Vitamin C: (Water-soluble)

Significant sources

Back 43

Citrus fruits, cabbage-type vegetables, dark green vegetables, cantaloupe, strawberries, peppers, lettuce, tomatoes, potatoes, papayas, mangoes

Front 44

Vitamin C: (Water-soluble)

Deficiency symptoms

Back 44

Digestive: N/A

Immune: Immune suppression, freq. infections

Mouth, Gums, Tongue: Bleeding gums, loosened teeth

Nervous/Muscular: Muscle degen. & pain, depression, disorientation

Skeletal: Bone fragility, joint pain

Skin: Pinpoint hemorrhages, rough skin, blotchy bruises

Other: Failure of wounds to heal

Front 45

Thiamin (aka Vitamin B1 - Water-soluble):

Chief function

Back 45

Part of a coenzyme needed in energy metabolism

Supports normal appetite and nervous system function

Front 46

Thiamin (aka Vitamin B1 - Water-soluble):

Deficiency disease name

Back 46

Beriberi (wet and dry)

Front 47

Thiamin (aka Vitamin B1 - Water-soluble):

Significant sources

Back 47

-Occurs in all nutritious foods in moderate amounts;

-pork, ham bacon, liver, whole & enriched grains, legumes, seeds

Front 48

Thiamin (aka Vitamin B1 - Water-soluble):

Deficiency sym.

Back 48

Blood/Circ: Edema, enlarged heart, abnormal heartrhythms, heart failure

Nervous/Muscular: Degen., wasting, weakness, pain apathy, irritability, difficulty walking, loss of reflexes, mental confusion, paralysis

Other: Anorexia, weight loss

Front 49

Thiamin (aka Vitamin B1 - Water-soluble):

Back 49

Blood/Circ: N/A

Nervous/Muscular: N/A

Other: N/A

Front 50

Riboflavin (aka Vitamin B2 - Water-soluble):

Chief function

Back 50

-Part of coenzyme needed in energy metabolism

-Supports normal vision & skin health

Front 51

Riboflavin (aka Vitamin B2 - Water-soluble):

Deficiency disease name

Back 51

Ariboflavinosis

Front 52

Riboflavin (aka Vitamin B2 - Water-soluble):

Sources

Back 52

Milk, yogurt, cottage cheese, meat, liver, leafy green vegetables, whole-grain or enriched breads & cereals

Front 53

Riboflavin (aka Vitamin B2 - Water-soluble):

Deficiency sym.

Back 53

Mouth, Gums, Tongue: Cracks at corners of mouth, smooth magenta tongue; sore throat

Nervous & Eyes: Hypersensitivity to light, reddening of cornea

Skin: Skin rash

Front 54

Riboflavin (aka Vitamin B2 - Water-soluble):

Toxicity sym.

Back 54

No symptoms reported

Front 55

Niacin (aka Vitamin B3 - Water-soluble):

Other names

Back 55

Nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, naicinamide, vitamin B3

Precursor = dietary tryptophan

Front 56

Niacin (aka Vitamin B3 - Water-soluble):

Chief functions

Back 56

Part of coenzyme needed in energy metabolism

Front 57

Niacin (aka Vitamin B3 - Water-soluble):

Deficiency disease name

Back 57

Pellagra = common in parts of Africa and Asia.

Symptoms: four "Ds": diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and ultimately death

Front 58

Niacin (aka Vitamin B3 - Water-soluble):

Sources

Back 58

-Synthesized from the AA tryptophan;
-Milk, eggs, meat, poultry, fish, whole-grain & enriched breads & cereals, nuts, & all protein-containing foods

Front 59

Niacin (aka Vitamin B3 - Water-soluble):

Deficiency sym.

Back 59

Digestive: Diarrhea; vomiting; abdominal pain

Mouth, Gums, Tongue: Black or bright red swollen smooth tongue

Nervous: Irritability, loss of appetite, weakness, headache, dizziness, mental confusion progressing to psychosis or delirium

Skin: Flaky skin rash on areas exposed to sun

Other:

Front 60

Niacin (aka Vitamin B3 - Water-soluble):

Toxicity sym.

Back 60

Digestive: Nausea, vomiting

Mouth, Gums, Tongue: N/A

Nervous: N/A

Skin: Painful flush & rash, sweating

Other: Liver damage; impaired glucose tolerance

Front 61

Folate (Water-soluble):

Chief function

Back 61

Part of a coenzyme needed for new cell synthesis

Front 62

Folate (Water-soluble):

Sources

Back 62

Asparagus, avocado, leafy green veg., beets, legumes, seeds, liver, enriched breads, cereal, pasta and grains

Front 63

Folate (Water-soluble):

Deficiency sym.

Back 63

Blood/Circ: Anemia (large-cell type), elevated homocysteine

Digestive: Heartburn, diarrhea, constipation

Immune: Suppression, freq. infections

Mouth, Gums, Tongue: Smooth red tongue; Increased risk of neural tube birth defects

Nervous:Depression, mental confusion, fatigue, irritability, headache

Front 64

Folate (Water-soluble):

Toxicity sym.

Back 64

Blood/Circ: Masks vitamin B12 deficiency

Front 65

Vitamin B12 (Water soluble)

Chief functions

Back 65

-Part of coenzymes needed in new cell synthesis,
-helps maintain nerve cells

Front 66

Vitamin B12 (Water soluble)

Sources

Back 66

Animal products (meat, fish, poultry, milk, cheese, eggs)

Front 67

Vitamin B12 (Water soluble)

Deficiency sym.

Back 67

Blood/Circ: Anemia (large-cell type)

Mouth, Gums, Tongue: Smooth tongue

Nervous: Fatigue, nerve degen. progessing to paralysis

Skin: Tingling to numbness

Front 68

Vitamin B12 (Water soluble)

Toxicity sym.

Back 68

None known

Front 69

Vitamin B6 (Water soluble)

Other Names

Back 69

Pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine

Front 70

Vitamin B6 (Water soluble)

Chief functions

Back 70

-Part of a coenzyme needed in AA and fatty acid metabolism,
-helps convert tryptophan to niacin & to serotonin
-helps make red blood cells

Front 71

Vitamin B6 (Water soluble)

Sources

Back 71

Meats, fish, poultry, liver, legumes, fruits, potatoes, whole grains, soy products

Front 72

Vitamin B6 (Water soluble)

Deficiency sym.

Back 72

Blood/circ: Anemia (small-cell type)

Nervous/Muscular: Depression, confusion, abnormal brain wave pattern, convulsions

Skin: Rashes, greasy, scaly dermatitis

Front 73

Vitamin B6 (Water soluble)

Toxicity sym.

Back 73

Blood/circ: Bloating

Nervous/Muscular: Depression, fatigue, impaired memory, irritability, headaches, numbness, damage to nerves, difficulty walking, loss of reflexes, restlessness, convulsions

Skin: Skin lesions

Front 74

Pantothenic Acid (Water soluble)

Chief functions

Back 74

Part of a coenzyme needed in energy metabolism

Front 75

Pantothenic Acid (Water soluble):

Sources

Back 75

Widespread in foods

Front 76

Pantothenic Acid (Water soluble):

Deficiency sym.

Back 76

Digestive: Vomiting, intestinal distress

Nervous/Muscular: Insomnia, fatigue

Other: Hypogycemia, increased sensitivity to insulin

Front 77

Pantothenic Acid (Water soluble):

Toxicity sym.

Back 77

Digestive: Water retention (infrequent)

Front 78

Biotin (Water Soluble):

Chief functions

Back 78

A cofactor for several enzymes needed in energy metabolism, fat synthesis, AA metabolism, & glycogen synthesis

Front 79

Biotin (Water Soluble):

Sources

Back 79

Widespread in foods

Front 80

Biotin (Water Soluble):

Deficiency sym.

Back 80

Blood/circ: Abnormal heart action

Digestive: Loss of appetite, nausea

Nervous/Muscular: Depression, muscle pain, weakness, fatigue, numbness of extremities

Skin: Dry around eyes, nose, and mouth

Front 81

Biotin (Water Soluble):

Toxicity sym.

Back 81

No toxicity sym. reported