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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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HCl in Gastric Juice
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denatures proteins, activates pepsin
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Pepsin in gastric juice
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enzyme for digesting protein
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gastric lipase - gastric juice
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enzyme to digest lipids
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intrinsic factor in gastric juice
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protein that absorbs B12
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Salivary amylase
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found in mouth, digests carbohydrates
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pepsin
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found in stomach, digests proteins
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gastric lipase
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found in stomach, digests lipids/fats
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proteases
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produced in pancreas, found in small intestine, digests proteins
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elastase
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produced in pancreas, found in small intestine, digests fibrous proteins
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pancreatic lipase
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produced in pancreas, found in small intestine, digests lipids
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cholesterol esterase
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produced in pancreas, found in small intestine, digests cholesterol
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pancreatic amylase
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produced in pancreas, found in small intestine, digests carbohydrates
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lipase
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produced in small instestine, digests lipids
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sucrase
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produced in small intestine, digests sucrose
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maltase
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produced in small intestine, digests maltose
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lactase
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produced in small intestine, digests lactose
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gastrin
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hormone that stimulates secretion of HCl and pepsinogen, stimulates gastric mobility
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secretin
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stimulates secretion of pancreatic bicarbonate, decreases gastric mobility
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cholecystokinin
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stimulates secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes, stimulates gallbladder contraction, slows gastric emptying
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gastric inhibitory pepside
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inhibits gastric acid secretion, slows gastric emptying, stimulates insulin release
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gallbladder
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stores bile
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pancreas
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manufactures and stores gastric enzymes, also produces insulin, glucagon and secretes bicarbonate
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liver
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synthesizes chemicals for metabolism, receives products, releases glucose from glycogen stores, stores vitamins, manufactures blood proteins
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glucose + glucose
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maltose
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glucose + fructose
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sucrose
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glucose + galactose
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lactose
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simple carbs
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glucose, fructose, galactose
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complex carbs
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maltose, sucrose, lactose
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insulin
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lowers blood glucose level, stimulates carrier proteins to take glucose out of blood and into cells, stimulates liver to absorb glucose and convert it to glycogen
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glucagon
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raises blood glucose level, increases glycogen breakdown in liver, release glucose into blood
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Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
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raises blood glucose levels, increase glycogen breakdown in liver, releases glucose into blood, responsible for "fight or flight"
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cortisol
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raises gluconeogenesis and lowers muscle glucose use
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growth hormone
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lowers muscle glucose uptake, raises fatty acid mobilization and raises liver glucose output
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ketosis
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when body doens't have enough carbs, starts to break down fats forming ketones in order to make glucose
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gluconeogenesis
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when body has neither carbs or fats, starts making glucose from proteins
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benefits of fiber
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lower risk of colon cancer, diverticulosis, heart disease
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type 1 diabetes
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body doesn't make enough insulin, most are born with this
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type 2 diabetes
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body doesn't respond to insulin, hereditary. treated with weight loss, healthy diet and exercise
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reactive hypoglycemia
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when body secretes too much insulin after a meal
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fasting hypoglycemia
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when someone doesn't eat enough, body produces more insulin than necessary
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saturated fats
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usually solid at room temperature like butter
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unsaturated fats
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usually liquid at room temperature like oils
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micelles
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transport lipid digestion products to enterocytes in small intestine for absorption
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chylomicrons
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lipoprotein produced in intestine to transport lipids from a meal
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VLDLs
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transports endogenous lipids, especially triglycerides to various tissues of the body
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LDLs
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transports cholesterol to cells of the body
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HDLs
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transport cholesterol from tissues back to liver
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Glucose in liver
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Phosphorylated & metabolized for energy/stored as glycogen
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released into circulation for other cells to use/stored as glycogen.
if glucose exceeds needs, stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue |
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Glycolysis
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Occurs in cytosol, anaerobic. 1 glucose (6 carbons) oxidize and create 2 pyruvates
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w/ help of coenzymes (ATP, NADH, H+), enters lactic cycle (WITHOUT O2) OR citric acid cycle to make ACETYL CoA
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proteolysis
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proteins broken down into small peptides or amino acids
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B-vitamins
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important for assisting energy metabolism
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Thiamin
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B1
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- energy producing metabolic pathways within body
- critical in breakdown of C6H12O6 - deficiency: beriberi - toxicity: none |
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Riboflavin
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B2
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- important component of two coenzymes that are involved with OILRIG reactions within energy producing metabolic pathways, includes e- transport chain
- deficiency: ariboflavinosis, no known toxicities |
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Niacin
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2 forms, essential for formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP
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- no known toxicity if consumed naturally, if supplemented excessively burning, tingling, itching can occur
- deficiency: pellagra |
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Pyridoxine
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B6
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- coenzyme for over 100 enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism
- plays critical role in transamination - no known toxicity, deficiency includes anemia, convulsions, depression, confusion |
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Biotin
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Component of 4 carboxylase enzymes
- no toxicity, deficiency includes thinning of hair, loss of hair color, rash around eyes,nose and mouth, depression, hallucinations - enzymes that require biotin are involved in fatty acid synthesis |
- lipogenesis
- glucogenesis - carb, fat and protein metabolism |
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Choline
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- Vitamin like substance important for metabolism and structural integrity of the cell membranes and neurotransmissions
- deficiency: increased fat accumulation in liver - toxicity: fishy body odor, vomiting, sweatingg, salivaton, diarrhea |
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Iodine
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- Necessary component of thyroid hormones
- Deficiency: goiter, cretinism, mental deficiencies/mental disorder, decreased fertility, prenatal/infant death |
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Chromium
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- Important role in carb metabolism
- Deficiency: uncommon in US, glucose uptake into cells is inhibited. glucose blood level increases along with insulin |
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Manganese
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- cofactor in protein, fat, carb metabolism, gluconeogenesis, cholesterol synthesis
- toxicity: impairment of neuromuscular system, muscle spasms - deficiency: impaired growth, reproductive function, reduced bone density, impaired skeletal growth, |
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Sulfur
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- essential macronutrient for metabolism
- maintains pH in blood |
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__% to __% of a healthy adult's body weight is fluid
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50-70
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Electrolytes
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- regulate fluid balance
- allow nerves to respond to stimuli - stimulate muscles to contract |
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Maintenance of body fluid balance
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- affects thirst mechanism
- influenced by consumption of food/drink, urination, sweat, feces |
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Sodium
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- regulates blood pressure
- hypernatremia: blood sodium is high - hypo: low |
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Potassium
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- kidneys regulate reabsorption and urinary excretion of potassium
- hyperkalemia: potassium is high - hypo: low |
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Chloride
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- absorbed in small intestine
- kidneys regulate urinary excretion - kill bacteria with WBC during immune response |
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Phosphorus
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- works with potassium inside cells to maintain fluid balance
- 85% of P in body is stored in bones - absorption is enhanced by vitamin D |
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Cancer
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1. carcinogen causes mutation in
cell DNA 2. cell with mutation in DNA divides repeatedly 3. cancer cells invade surrounding tissue and spreads to other sites in body |
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phytochemicals
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compounds found in plants that are believed to have health-promoting effects
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Calcium
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- provides structure for bones and teeth
- helps with pH balance - helps with muscle contraction - helps with blood pressrue - absorption enhanced in acidic environment |
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Sources of calcium
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- milk, cheese, yogurt
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hypercalcemia
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- high blood calcium
- fatigue, appetite loss, constipation, calcium deposits in soft tissues |
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Calcium deficiency
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- osteoporosis
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Vitamin D
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Fat soluble
- can be synthesized by body and by exposure to UV rays from sun - considered hormone, synthesized in one place and regulates parts of other parts of the body |
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Sources of Vitamin D
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- plants, supplements, animal foods, sun
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Vitamin K
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- Fat soluble
- helps with blood coagulation - bone metabolism - synthesized by bacteria in large intestine |
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Source of Phosphorus
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- protein containing foods
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Magnesium
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- kidneys regulate blood mg levels
- cofactor for over 300 enzyme systems - required for ATP, DNA, proteins |
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Magnesium toxicity/deficiency
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toxicity: diarrhea, nausea, cramps, pH imbalance
deficiency: results in hypocalcemia, associated with osteoporosis, heart disease, type 2 diabetes |
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Flouride
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- stored in teeth and bones
- works with Ca and P to protect teeth |
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Fluoride toxicity/deficiency
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- toxicity: porous teeth
- deficiency: cavities |
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Nutrients that maintain blood health
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- Fe
- Zn - Cu - Vitamin K - Folate - Vitamin B12 |
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Iron deficiency
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- most common nutrient deficiency in the world
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Zinc
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- component of various enzymes (synthesis of heme structure in hemoglobin)
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Zinc structural functions
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- maintain structural integrity and shape of protein
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Copper
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- required for iron transport
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Vitamin K
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- coenzyme for synthesis of blood coagulating proteins
- produced by gastrointestinal bacteria - deficiency results in hemophilia |
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Folate
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- water soluble vitamin
- acts as coenzyme for DNA synthesis and amino acid metabolism |
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Sources of Folate
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breads, flours, pastas, liver, spinach
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Vitamin B12
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-Water Soluble
- coenzyme for DNA synthesis - requires acidic environment for absorption |
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Disorders: Folate
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- required for cell division
- there's an early need for folate for proper neural tube formation |
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Disorders: anemia
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- low hemoglobin
- hereditary |
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Microcytic anemia
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- low iron/B6
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Macrocytic anemia
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- low B12 or folate
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Pernicious anemia
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- low B12
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Immune system
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- protects body from infectious diseases
- helps heal wounds - guards against development of cancer |
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Nonspecific immunity
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blocks everything bad
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Specific immunity
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protection against certain threat, involves immune memory, antidotes or medications
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Omega 6 fatty acids
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promote inflammatory response to help contain infection
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Omega 3 fatty acids
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diminish inflammation in blood vessels (prevent heart disease)
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Leptin
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hormone produced by body fat to reduce food intake and decrease body fat/weight
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ghrelin
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protein synthesized in stomach that acts as hormone an plays role in appetite regulation by stimulating appetite
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Fed metabolic state
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Insulin
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- increases cell uptake of glucose and glycogen synthesis
- increases synthesis and storage of triglycerides - increases cell uptake of amino acids and protein synthesis |
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Fasted metabolic state
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Glucagon
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- Increases glycogen degradation and gluconeogenesis
- increases lipolysis - increases degradation of proteins |
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Exercise metabolic state
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Epinephrine
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- increases glycogen degradation
- increases lipolysis |
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Stress metabolic state
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Cortisol
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- decreases cell uptake of glucose
- increases gluconeogenesis - increases lipolysis - decreases cell uptake of amino acids - increases degradation of proteins |
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Vitamin A
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- Required for the eye to adjust to light
- protects color vision - contributes to healthy bones |
- toxicity: fatigue, bone and joint pain, liver damage, nervous system damage
- deficiency: night blindness, impaired growth, immunity, reproductive function |
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Vitamin D
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- regulates blood calcium levels
- maintains bone health - assists cell differentiation |
Toxicity: hypercalcemia
deficiency: rickets, osteoporosis |
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Vitamin E
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-powerful antioxidant, protects cell membranes
- protects WBC |
deficiency: hemolytic anemia, impairment of nerve, muscle and nerve function
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Vitamin K
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Serves as a coenzyme during production of proteins that help with blood coagulation and bone metabolism
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Deficiency: impaired blood clotting
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Cobalamin
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B12
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Required for healthy nervous system, deficiency includes pernicious anemia
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Pantothenic acid
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assists with fat metabolism
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Ascorbic Acid
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Vitamin C
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deficiency: scurvy
toxicity: diarhhea, oxidative damage |
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Coenzyme: Thiamin
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TPP
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Coenzyme: Riboflavin
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FAD and FMN
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Coenzyme: Niacin
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NAD and NADP
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Coenzyme: Vitamin B6
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PLP
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Coenzyme: Folate
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THF
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Coenzyme: Pantothenic Acid
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CoA
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Coenzyme: Biotin
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Biotin
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Coenzyme: Vitamin B12
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Vitamin B12
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