Ch 7 - Vitamins

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vitamins

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organic compounds vital to life and indispensable to body function, but only needed in small amounts

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precursors, provitamins

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compounds that can be converted into active vitamins

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properties of vitamins

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essential micronutrient, organic, non-caloric, most help regulate rxns as coenzymes

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2 classes of vitamins

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fat soluble and water soluble

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the fat soluble vitamins

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vitamins A, D, E, and K

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fat soluble vitamins are absorbed with ____ and transported via ___

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fat, lipoproteins

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are excess fat soluble vitamins excreted in urine?

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no

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overdoses of fat soluble vitamins can cause this

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toxicity

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length of time leading to deficiency of fat soluble vitamins

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longer

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these vitamins are water soluble

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B complex vitamins and Vitamin C

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absorbed ____ into the bloodstream (except B12 which needs ____)

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directly, intrinsic factor

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are water soluble vitamins stored in the body?

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not really

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water soluble vitamins are usually not toxic unless ___

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high doses are consumed

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excess water soluble vitamins are _____

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excreted in urine

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frequency of water soluble vitamins needed in order to prevent deficiency

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regular supply

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characteristics of fat soluble vitamins

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require bile for absorption, stored in fatty tissues, deficiencies caused by malabsorption disesases

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retinoids

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(retinol) preformed vitamin A, antioxidant functions, can be toxic

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carotenoids

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(beta carotene) vitamin A precursor from plant products that is converted if necessary, antioxidant functions

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functions of Vitamin A

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visual abilities, cell growth & reproduction, immunity, epithelial tissue

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Vitamin A deficiency

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often seen in developing countries; blindness, infections, growth defects, exhaustion, death

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Vitamin A toxicity

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skin rashes, hair loss, hemorrhages, bone abnormalities & fractures, yellow skin, birth defects, liver failure, death

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food sources of Vitamin A

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milk, carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach and green leafy vegetables, liver, apricots

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vitamin received from sun exposure

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Vitamin D

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functions of Vitamin D

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maintains calcium levels, bone mineralization and regrowth; works in brain, heart, skin, reproductive organs

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Rickets

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vitamin D deficiency in children; bones are too weak to support the body, bowing out of legs, knock knees, beaded ribs

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Osteomalacia

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vitamin D deficiency in adults, softening of bones, leads to fractures

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vitamin D toxicity

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most potentially toxic; extra calcium deposits where it doesn't belong (soft tissue), excessive thirst, headache, nausea

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food sources of vitamin D

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milk, salmon, shrimp, enriched foods

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tocopherol

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vitamin E

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functions of vitamin E

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works as an antioxidant to stop free radicals from destroying cell components, helps nerve development and immune system

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vitamin E deficiency

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very rare; erythrocyte hemolysis in preemies or fat malabsorption; impaired vision/speech, loss of muscle coordination

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vitamin E toxicity

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interferes with vitamin K and anticoagulation

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food sources of vitamin E

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safflower oil, canola oil, sunflower seeds, wheat germ

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functions of vitamin K

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synthesis of blood clotting proteins (prothrombin) and bone proteins

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vitamin K deficiency

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due to long term antibiotic use or in newborn babies; hemorrhage, abnormal bone formation

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vitamin K toxicity

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sometimes seen in infants or pregnant women; opposes effects of anti-clotting meds, jaundice

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sources of vitamin K

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50% comes from the intestinal tract; cabbage, cauliflower, spinach, canola oil, soybeans, lettuce

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B - complex vitamins

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Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Folate, B12, B6 (Pyridoxine), Biotin, Panothenic Acid

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reason to take extra water soluble vitamins

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NONE, excreted in urine anyway

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functions of vitamin C

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produces and maintains collagen, enhances immune response, thyroxine regulation/production, helps produce carnitene (transports fatty acid), iron absorption

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are vitamin C claims accurate?

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mostly not

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Scurvy

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vitamin C deficiency, often seen in elderly, smokers, alcoholics, drug addicts, infants only fed cow's milk

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symptoms of vitamin C deficiency

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***

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vitamin C toxicity

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altered insulin response to carbs, nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, extreme gas, drug rxns

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food sources of vitamin C

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fresh fruits and veggies; orange juice, red and green peppers, broccoli, brussel sprouts, citrus fruits, sweet potato, strawberries

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B vitamins are

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coenzymes