Nutrition Water Soluble Vitamins

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water soluble vitamins (general)

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i. Generally function as co-enzymes
ii. Grouped into 2 categories
1. Non B complex
a. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
2. B complex
a. Has energy releasing, hematopoetic, and others

Front 2

fat soluble vitamins

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i. Only 1 of 4 functions as co enzyme

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water soluble vitamins

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1. follate
2. B12
3. vit c
4. B6
5. B1
6. Niacin
7. B2
8. Botin
9. Pantothenic Acid

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Folic acid (follate)Active form and function

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i. Active form: tetrahydrofolic acid
1. Most deficient in women in this country
ii. Function: transfer carbon fragment in synthesis of amino acids, purines, and thymine. DNA synthesis affected since we need purines for it.

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Folic deficiency

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2. Megaloblastic anemia:
a. aka macrocytic anemia- RBC formed but not fully. Do not divide
3. neural tube defects :
a. Spina bifida and ancephaly:
i. Most common neural tube defect that affects 4K pregnancies in the US
ii. Folic acid supplementation before conception and during the first trimester eliminate defects

All women of childbearing age should consume 0.4mg/day of folic acid but no more than 1 mg/day

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nutritional anemias

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a. Microcytic
i. Deficiency in iron, copper, and pyridoxine
ii. Iron deficiency is most common nutritional anemia
b. Normocytic
i. Protein-calorie malnutrition
c. Macrocytic
i. Deficiency in B12 and follate
ii. Megaloblastic marrow: due to lack of purine and thymine production, cannot form cells resulting in this. Inhibits cell replication and division

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Vitamin B12

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(cobalamin- there is cobalt metal. Metal is part of the structure in the middle. It is essential to structure of Vitamin B 12)
i. Active form: methylcobalamin (cofactor in conversion of homocysteine to methionine), deoxyadenosylcobalamin (involved in isomerization of methylaolyl CoA to succinyl CoA)

Function: cofactor for conversion of homocysteine to methionine and methylalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA

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B12 deficiency

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ernicious (megaloblastic) anemia a. Insufficient intestinal absorption rather than too little consumption
b. Autoimmune destruction of parietal cells that synthesize intrinsic factors
c. Intrinsic factors necessary for B12 absorption
d. Nonspecific lesions in the oral mucosa (this is nonspecific because there can be other factors that can cause lesions)
2. Dementia
3. Spinal degeneration

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Vitamin C

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Ascorbic Acid
i. Function: antioxidant and cofactor for hydroxylation reaction in procollagen
1. Important in hydroxylation of proline and lysine
2. Important role in metabolizing histamine
a. Vitamin C increase, circulating concentration of histamine increases which can cause problems for blood vessels. (has important relationship in oral pathology-collagen)

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Vit C deficiency

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scurvy

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Vitamin B6

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(pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, pyridoxal)
i. Active form: pyridoxal phosphase
ii. Function: cofactor for enzymes

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Vit B6 reactions

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1. Transamination- oxaloacetate + glutamate ßà aspartate + alph ketoglutarate
2. Deamination: serine à pyruvate +NH3
3. Decarboxylation: Histidine à histamine +CO2
4. Condensation: glycine + succinyl CoA à

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VIt B6 deficiency

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are but cause glossitis (inflammation of the tongue) and neuropathy v. Toxicity- neurologic symptoms occur at intakes > 2g/day

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Vitamins B1

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(thamine)
i. Active form: thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
1. Found in areas of the world where polished rice is staple food.
ii. Intermediate formed in the reaction catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase
iii. Intermediate formed in the reaction catalyzed by alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

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Vit B1 reactions

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Reactions using thiamine pyrophosphase as coenzyme: transketolase and pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase…synthesis of ATP is compromised.

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Vit B1 deficiency

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1. Beriberi
a. Infantile symptoms of tachycardia, vomiting, convulsions, and death
b. Found in areas where polished rice is the major dietary component
2. Wenicke-korsakoff syndrome:
a. Primarily seen in chronic alcoholics
b. Symptoms: apathy, memory loss, rhythmical eye movements

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Niacin

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(nicotinic acid, nicotinamide)
i. Active form: NAD+ and NADPH
1. Reduction from NAD+ to NADH
ii. Function- aids in electron transfer

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Niacin Deficiency

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iii. Deficiency- pellagra (dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia)
iv. High doses are used to treat hyperlipidemia (high lipid content in blood)

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Vitmain B2

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(riboflavin)
i. Active form: FAD and FMA (flavin adenine dinucleotide, flavin mononucleotide)

Function: FAD and FMN accept two H+ atoms and assist in oxidation and reduction reactions

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B2 deficiency

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iii. Deficiency: rare, dermatitis, cheilosis (fissures and cracks on the corner of lips), and glossitis

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Botin

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i. Active form: covalently bound to carboxylase
ii. Function: participates in carboxylation reactions

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Pantothenic Acid

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i. Active form: as part of a coenzyme A
ii. Function: acyl carrier