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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Compare and contrast prokaryote and eukaryote cells
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Prokaryotes: Simple cells , No nucleus, No internal compartments, reproduce by binary fission, use flagellas to move
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Symbiosis
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a physically close association between organisms of two or more species
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Define the following kinds of symbiotic species interactions: parasitism, commensalism, mutualism
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parasitism: relationship between two species of plants or animals in which one benefits at the expense of the other, sometimes without killing it.
commensalism: a relation between individuals of two species in which one species obtains food or other benefits from the other without either harming or benefiting the latter. mutualism: association between organisms of two different species in which each is benefited. The partnership between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and leguminous plants is an example, as is the association between tree roots and certain fungi |
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What are viruses? Identify the characteristics of viruses and their life cycles
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-Not alive
--Can’t reproduce or carry out metabolism outside of host cells -Share some characteristics of living things: --Genetic material --Proteins --Evolution |
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Where do viruses fit within the classification system of life forms?
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-Not classified into domains or kingdoms of living things
-Own classification system just for them based on characteristics like --Type of genetic material --Shape |
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What are three hypotheses about the origin of viruses?
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1. From nonliving matter to self-replicating genetic material like RNA
2. From living cells that have lost most of their characteristics—streamlined parasites 3. From genes that have acquired the ability to move from cell to cell |
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Explain the main points of the theory of abiogenesis.
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Origin of life from non-living components. Step 1: Synthesis of organic building blocks from inorganic molecules. Step 2: Build chains of building block molecules. Step 3: Protobionts form. Step 4: Heredity
Pass instructions to offspring, controls protein synthesis. |
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What are cyanobacteria? What is the relevance of cyanobacteria in the fossil record?
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Photoautotrophic prokaryotes with plant-like, oxygen-generating photosynthesis. Important roles: Photosynthetic & Nitrogen-Fixing
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What are stromatolites? How old are they?
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Multiple layers of cyanobacteria, Secreted CaCO3, dome- shaped structures, Formed first reefs, 3.5 BYA
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How old are the prokaryotes?
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3.5 BYA
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What are the 2 prokaryotic domains called? Identify characteristics of each.
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Domain Bacteria: Cell wall has peptidoglycan, Circular chromosome, No proteins
Domain Archaea: Cell wall has No peptidoglycan, Circular chromosome, DNA + Proteins |
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What are Bacterial (not Archaean) cell walls composed of?
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peptidoglycan
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Name and describe the 3 bacterial shapes.
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spherical (cocci), rod shaped (bacilli), spiral
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Explain and give examples of the following nutritional modes: autotrophs, photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and heterotrophs.
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Autotrophs: Make their own food, ex. plants
Heterotrophs: Get food from someone else, ex. Decomposers, Parasites, Mutualists Photoautotroph: Make their own food using energy from light, ex. Oscilliatoria Chemoautotrophs: Make their own food using energy from inorganic matter, ex. found in soil |
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What are two ways in which bacterial cells move?
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1. flagella: long cellular appendage specialized for moving
2. fimbriae: using their hairlike projections that allow bacteria to stick to a surface or each other |
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What is a gram stain? What is the difference between a Gram-positive bacterium and a Gram-negative bacterium.
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the cell walls of bacteria fall into two types which scientists can identify with the gram stain technique. Gram Positive: Stains Purple
Gram Negative: Stains Red |
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Discuss cyanobacteria and their importance in nitrogen fixation.
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The cyanobacteria are the only group of prokaryotes with plantlike, oxygen-generating photosynthesis. Some species like Anabaena have specialized cells that fix nitrogen.
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What are examples of a bacterial pathogen? Exotoxins? Endotoxins?
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Exotoxins: proteins that bacterial cells secrete into their environment. ex. Staphylococus aureus, MSRA
Endotoxins: lipid components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that are released when the cell dies of is digested by a defensive cell. ex. meningitis and salmonella |
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What is an endospore? Why are they important?
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A specialized inner cell which has a thick, protective coat, dehydrates and becomes dormant. It can survive all sorts of trauma, including extreme heat or cold. When it receives cues that the environmental conditions have improved, it absorbs water and resumes growth.
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Why is Bacillus anthracis the bacterium of choice for bioterrorism?
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Because their endospores disperse easily in the air where they can be inhaled by the target population
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Discuss bioremediation and examples of sludge and liquid waste cleanup.
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The use of organisms to remove pollutants from soil, air, or water. The microbes decompose the organic matter in the sludge into material that can be placed in a landfill or used as fertilizer.
Liquid wastes are filtered and sprayed through the air onto a rock bed. Outflow from the rock bed is sterilized and then released into a river or ocean. |
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Discuss the mutualistic relationship between Rhizobium bacteria and legume plants
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Rhizobium species that live symbiotically in root nodules of legumes such as soybeans and peas. Within the nodules plant cells have been "infected" by nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Rhizobium). The plant provides the bacteria with carbs and other organic compounds. The bacteria have enzymes that catalyze the conversion of N2 to NH4 to be used by the plant.
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What are the four Archaean groups we discussed and where are they found?
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Most known archaeans are extremophiles. Found in Oceans, Soils, Freshwater
1. Halophiles: High Salt 2. Thermophiles: High Temperatures 3. Methanogens: Anaerobic, Produce Methane Gas 4. Acidophiles: Acid |
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Which domain do the protists belong in? How many kingdoms?
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Eukaryotes, 3 kingdoms
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What is endosymbiosis?
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1. starts with two independent prokaryotes
2. an archean engulfs a bacterium 3. the bacterium now lives inside the archean 4. both benefit from the arrangement 5. the internal bacteria are passed on from generation to generation |
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What are the two eukaryotic structures that evolved by endosymbiosis?
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The mitochondria of eukaryotes evolved from aerobic bacteria
The chloroplasts of red algae, green algae, and plants evolved from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria |
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What is the difference between primary endosymbiosis and secondary endosymbiosis?
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Primary Endosymbiosis: Ancestral host cell engulfed bacterial cell, Bacterial cells were not digested --> Became symbionts
Secondary Endosymbiosis: Eukaryote engulfs another eukaryote, major key to protist diversity |
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Differentiate among unicellular, colonial and multicellular protists.
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Unicellular: ex. diatoms, paramecium
Colonial: multi-celled, attached to each other, identical cells, makes group large by "sticking" to each other, protects them from predators. ex. brown algae Multicellular: multiple cells attached to each other, cells specialize, ex. volvox, red algae, kelp |
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What are the nutritional modes seen in the protists?
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1. autotrophs: cell feeders, plants, photosynthesis (food --> O2)
2. heterotrophs: require organic matter, dead or alive, ex. paramecium 3. mixotrophs: photosynthesis and organic matter, ex. uglena, dinoflaggelas |
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How do some protists move (specifically: Paramecium, Euglena, Amoeba)?
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Paramecium: cilia - many short whip-like structures
Euglena: Flagellum Amoeba: Pseudopodia |
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What habitats can you find protists living in?
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Wherever there is water
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Know the three protistan "lifestyle" groups. (Also called functional groups).
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Algae
Protozoans Fungal-like Protists |
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What are examples of single-celled algae?
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Green algae, Diatoms, Euglena, Dinoflagellates
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What is an example of Colonial algae?
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Euglena
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What is an example of Multicellular algae?
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Brown algae, red algae,
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Know the characteristics of dinoflagellates, diatoms and green algae (unicellular green algae and colonial forms like Volvox).
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Dinoflagellates: Unicellular, Phytoplankton, Golden-brown
Diatoms: Unicellular or colonial, Golden-brown, Silica cell walls, Phytoplankton Green Algae: Unicellular, colonial, simple multicellular, Grass-green, Close relatives of land plants, volvox - colonial, unicellular - euglena |
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Also be able to discuss harmful algal blooms (HABs) and algal blooms in fresh water. What are possible consequences of these?
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The impacts of these blooms are felt in many ways: human health is placed at risk;
ecosystems are altered; marine mammals are injured or killed; and the fishing, aquaculture, and recreation industries suffer economic losses. |
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What are the multicellular algae (also called seaweeds)? Give examples and characteristics of each group (green algae, red algae and brown algae).
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Green Algae: Unicellular, colonial, simple multicellular, Grass-green, Close relatives of land plants Ex. volvox - colonial, euglena - unicellular
Red Algae: Mostly multicellular, Mostly red color, Seaweeds ex. Coralline Brown Algae: Multicellular, Most complex protists, Brown color, Seaweeds. Ex. Sargassum |
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What are protozoans? Give examples.
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Ingestive heterotrophs
Usually unicellular Free-living or parasitic Ex. Amoebas |
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Describe plasmodial slime molds and how they function in a food chain. What kingdom do they resemble the most? Using the tree in question 37, which protist groups are their closest relatives?
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Amoebazoans
Gymnamoebas |
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Do all flagellated protists belong on the same branch of the tree?
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No
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Do all the autotrophs (algae) belong on the same branch of the tree?
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No
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Do all the amoeboid protists belong on the same branch of the tree?
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No
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Do all the ciliates belong on the same branch of the tree?
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no
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Describe the mode of nutrition of fungi. Where are they found?
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Feeds through their mycelium - net like structure
Found in the forest |
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What are the differences among saprobic (decomposers), mutualistic fungi, and parasitic fungi?
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mutualistic fungi: both parties get something from it
parasitic fungi: only one party benefits from it saprobic: fungi that grow from dead or dying parts of still standing tree |
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Describe the body of a typical fungus, including:
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a. hypha
b. mycelium c. cell walls made of chitin d. Multicellular e. Absorptive heterotrophs |
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What is the major evolutionary advantage of the filamentous structure of the mycelium?
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The filamentous structure of the mycelium provides an extensive surface area that suits the
absorptive nutrition of fungi. A fungal mycelium grows rapidly by streaming cytoplasm into the tips of their hyphae, which is another adaptation for absorptive nutrition. |
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Life cycle information: know the names of the three phases and briefly explain each phase.
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Haploid
Heterokaryotic Diploid |
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Explain the major differences between the five taxonomic groups of fungi: chytrids, zygomycete fungi, glomeromycetes, ascomycete fungi (cup fungi), and basidiomycete fungi (mushrooms)
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Chytrids: Oldest fungal group, 650 mya, Major aquatic decomposers, Flagellated spores
Zygomycete: Many decomposers, Asexual spores produced in sporangia, Sexual spores produced in zygosporangia, Ex: Rhizopus, Pilobolus and many molds Glomeromycete: Internal symbiotic relationships, mycorrhizae, Plant roots Ascomycota: aka sac fungi, sexual spores (ascospores) born internally in sacs called asci, produce vast #'s of fexual spores (ascocarps), Yeasts, molds such as Penicillium, cup fungi, Many form lichen partnerships Basidiomycete: aka club fungus, mushrooms, have elaborate fruiting bodies containing many basidia that produce sexual spores |
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Describe the lifestyles of the following fungi: yeasts, molds, predatory fungi
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dont know
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What are some ways in which humans use fungi, including molds and yeasts?
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beer, bread baking, medicine, cheese, etc.
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What is a lichen? Describe the symbiotic relationship involved. How are lichens important ecologically? List and briefly describe the three basic forms of lichens.
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Symbiotic relationship, Fungus + Algae And/or cyanobacteria, Most fungal partners are ascomycetes, Fungus provides: Home, Nutrients, Protection. Algae provides food through photosynthesis. Nitrogen fixation if If cyanobacteria is a partner.
Crustose Lichens: Flat Foliose Lichens: Leaflike Fruticose Lichens: Shrub-like |
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What are mycorrhizae? Describe the symbiotic relationship involved. How are mycorrhizae important ecologically?
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Symbiotic relationship between a fungal species and plant roots
Most fungal partners are basidiomycetes Fungus gets sugars from plants Fungus provides plant with minerals and water Fungal hyphae extend out from plant roots |
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Discuss parasitic fungi and their importance. Be able to give at least one example for the following:
a. Fungal disease of plants b. Fungal disease of humans |
Fungal disease of plants: Smut on Corn and Ergot on rye plant
Fungal disease of humans: Athlete's foot |
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Discuss the benefits of fungi, including mutualistic fungi, edible fungi and medicinal fungi.
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edible fungi: mushrooms, cheese, bread, beer
medical fungi: some fungi produce antibiotics that we use to treat bacterial diseases. ex. Penicillin |
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Are fungi more closely phylogenetically related to plants or animals? Explain your answer. Look at that tree in question 37 to help.
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Fungi is one branch away from animals on the phylogenetic tree
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