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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what were some factors that allowed for industrial expansion and characteristics that followed?
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-resources-coal
- technological innovation -population growth |
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benefits of RR consolidation?
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- eliminated chaos of industry
- corrected scheduling problems with 4 different time zones - massive trunk systems became large buisness enterprises - by combining the RR were not competeing and all making a lot of money |
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what/when was the interstate commerce act? what does it exemplify?
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- 1887
- established to oversee the crooked practices of the interstate RR - supposed to regulate the RR so that they dont eliminate other RR buisesses to make it more fair for people who have no choice but to rely on one RR - exemplifies disadvantages of RR consolidation (had to create because RR were eliminating competition) |
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*how did the steel industry model itself after the RR industries?
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- carnegie exemplified how new technology can be combined with new methods of management to create a mass production system
- just like RR consolidation, carnegie and morgan combined to form the US steel company - able to use good tactics that the applied to the RR in the steel industry (cost analysis, booking, manufacturing, organizational aspects) |
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Andrew Carnegie
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- rages to riches
- developed cost analysis techniques to improve PA RR - becamse first steel maker to know production cost of each ton of steel - vertical integration |
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*JP Morgan
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- fixed the weak RR system
-1906 created 7 giant RR networks - |
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*What is a trust? what caused/allowed them to form?
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- a corporation that ran all companies instead of a "pool" (verbal agreement to control prices and markets)
- what allowed them to form? (competition, barron robbers?) - wanted to eliminate competition and make money? |
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what is a monopoly?
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- basically same as a trust
- has exclusive control of a produt or service in order to control/manipulate prices |
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John D. Rockefeller
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- created standard oil company
- vertical inegration - good techniques in buying out companies - horizontal control |
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*what is horizontal control? who used it?
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- merged companies into one giant system
ex. trusts and monopolies - John Rockefeller |
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What is vertical integration? who was first to use it?
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- control all production aspects of a product (from creation to market)
- Andrew Carnegie? |
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what was the benefits of the major technological advances in the late 1800's?
examples? |
- changed everyday life
- new inventions produced traditional products more efficiently and were able to create new product lines which increased consumer demand - ex. electricity, light bulb, sewing machine, telephone |
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Thomas Edison and Menlo Park
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- epitomized the inventive impulse and ability for creating new consumer goods
-PATENTS=new buisness technique - menlo park= his labratory |
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when/ what was the Sherman Anti- Trust Act? Why was it created?
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- 1890
- outlawed trusts and any other monopolies that had fixed prices in restraint of trade - created because congress feared trusts would eliminate all competition |
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when/ what does United States v. EC Knight show? What does the ruling allow?
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-1895
- shows loopholes in the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 (didnt define "trust" or "restraint of trade") - the ruling was sympathetic to big buisnesses by basically allowing companies to define themselves as big holding companies (instead of trusts) |
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*Skilled vs. Unskilled labor significance?
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- skilled=speical training
- unskilled= no training (immigrants?) -significance= less need for skilled labor?? |
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*benefits of custom made products being mass produced
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- high demand due to new avaliabiliy
-provided a variety of goods that supplemented the bulk manufacturred parts of everyday life. - skilled laborers |
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why were advertisting and marketing techniques developed? how effective were they? examples?
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- developed new product lines to make use of exceess products that were produced
- techniques of brand names, guarentees, trademarks, etc. created a demand and consumer loyalty - ex. Ivory Soap and Kodak |
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the south-Lost Cause?
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- the idea that the south is unable to be industrialized due to its lack of capital, education, etc.
-compare to the new south creed |
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What was the New South Creed? Why was it created?
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- movement to help industrialize the South
- made the South appeal to Northern capital with good resources such as coal and mining |
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*How was the South made appealing to industrialize? By who?
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-The New South Creed
- Made South appeal to Northern capital with things such as tax exemptions, convict workers for cheap labor, good resources (coal?), etc. - Industrialists: Grady and Watterson |
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what was scrip? connection?
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- poor laborers were paid in scip which was only reedemable in company stores(made them tied to the job)
- similar to sharecropping and crop lien system |
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What obstacles did the South face while trying to industrialize?
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- lacked capital:
- lacked captial to start a banking system - tariffs aiding North hurt south and they couldn't import machine technology - RR rates increased expense of shipping goods and raw materials - lack of funds led to lack of educated people which disabled them to hold technical and managerial positions in buisness and industry. |
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how was the Southern Mill Economy similar to Northern Factories?
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- same class of merchants, lawyers, doctors, and bankers ran mills and hired poor whites to work
- like northern factory workers poor whites were exploited with low wages |
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what was the new factory system like? what effect did this new system have on the workers?
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- small shops changed to factory economy
- had to endure change in work habits: went from working as an individual to working as "teams" - lost freedoms they enjoyed through working individually - now had to learn the discipline characteristics of factory work |
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what role did immigrants play? what different organizatons/act were created because of this?
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- cheap laborers
- labor unions, Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 |
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What was the Gospel of Success/Wealth?
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- idea of rags to riches (ex. andrew carnegie)- reality is rags to respectability
- it was difficult to head large corps however, it was more realistic to head small companies and make a substantial income - carnegie wrote this saying that people could do this in american society- wasn't entirely true- reinforces the american dream myth? connection to frontier myth? |
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What/when was the first labor union created? By who? Successful?
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- 1866
- National Labor Union - William H Sylvis - failure however it was the beginning of the labor movement and influenced the knights of labor |
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What/when was the second labor union created? by who? successful? aspects?
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- 1869
- Knights of Labor - Terence V. Powederly - played a major role in the labor movement - created group solidarity and strength |
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what did the wabash strike do for the labor movement?
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gained more support for the knights of labor
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Why was creating a successful labor movement so difficult?
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the exploited laborers were extremely divided due to ethnic, racial, and ranking divisions
- NLU and KOL had too specific of aims. people needed money so they didn't take up labor unions - AFL had "break and butter" aims (wages, hours, conditions) which was more what people were looking for - also they were anti-women and anti-immigrant |
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explain the life of an industrial laborer
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- low wages
- long shifts - health and safely hazards (black and brown lung) - child labor - disabled recieved minimal aid from employers |
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What/when was the third labor union created? what did they push for?
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- 1886
-Gompers - American Federation of Labor - "bread and butter" issues- wages, hours, conditions - 8 hours work day, liability for injuries, minee-safety laws - discluded women (thought belonged at home)anti-immigrant |
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What/when was the Chinese Exclusion Act? Why was it created?
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1882
- labor unions pushed for restrictions on immigration because they took American jobs by accepting low wages - it was a 10 year monitorium (stoppage) on Chinese immigration |
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What created new social thought during this industrial time?
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- debate over social meaning of new industrail order because it created a new social order (uneven distribution of wealth)
- question of should the government have to help the poor and regulate big buisness? |
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What did the wage workers do as a result of labor unions and exploitation? effective? examples?
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strikes
ex. wabash strike of 1885 very effective pullman strike 1894 |
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what/when did In re Debs do?
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- 1895
- gave buisnesses the ability to restrain labor organizations by legalizing injuctions against labor unions - decreased the power of labor unions |
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What was Laissez-Faire? Who supported it? appropriate term to describe governments role in the late 1800's?
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- the belief that the government should NEVER control buisness
- Adam Smith - not really, attempted to interfere with sherman antitrust act of 1890 and 1895 In Re Debs |
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What did Adam Smith believe?
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- supported of Laissez- Faire
- self interest helped control market place by regulating supply and demand of goods and services |
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What is social darwinism?
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- that the law of competition ensures survival of the fittest and therefore the best products
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Who pushed for a harmonious industrialized society? what was this?
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- Edward Bellamy
- everyone works for the common welfare of society - created nationalist clubs to turn this dream into reality |
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Who wnated to create the "single tax"? what was it's purpose?
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- Henry George
- eliminate uneven distribution of wealth by distributing resources to those who need it |
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What is Marxism?
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- Karl Marx
- a classless and stateless utopia |
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What did Alexander Berkman do?
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- thought by assassinating Frick he would be able to create a labor insurrection and new social order
- instad he confirmed labor agitators as lawless and violent |
