Apush - Flashcards Chapter 4

Front 1

Robert Walpole

Back 1

Robert
Walpole, the first of modern prime ministers, deliberately
refrained from strict enforcement of the Navigation Acts
believing that relaxed trading restrictions would stimulate
commerce.

Front 2

Privy Council

Back 2

The real authority was
rested in the Privy Council which was the central
administrative agency for the government as a whole.

Front 3

Benjamin Franklin

Back 3

The Albany was suggested by Benjamin Franklin who was
an American representative that went to England.

Front 4

New France

Back 4

The lucrative fur trade drew immigrant
French peasants deeper into the wilderness, while
missionary zeal drew large numbers of French Jesuits into
the interior in search of potential converts. France had a
relatively large empire in America and this was partly
because of the tolerance they showed towards the Native
Americans.

Front 5

Paltry Wages

Back 5

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Front 6

Albany Plan

Back 6

A
conference was held in Albany and had delgates from
Pennsylvania, Maryland, New York, and New England that
negotiated a treaty with the Iroquois. Franklin suggested
that one general government for all the colonies should be
set up in America. Each colony would retain its present
constitution but would grant to the new government
leaders the power to govern all relations with the Indians.

Front 7

French and Indian War

Back 7

The French and Indian
War had four distinct phases. The first began with the
French capture of Washington and his troops at Fort
Necessity in 1754 and lasted until 1756, when war was formally declared. During these two years both Britain and
France hoped to avoid a general European war and so
committed few troops or resources to the fighting in
America. Each side primarily attacked enemy forts in
unsettled areas along the frontier.

Front 8

Louis XIV

Back 8

The French expanded their presence in the Americas as a
result of Louis XIV search for national unity and increased
world power

Front 9

Missionary Zeal

Back 9

French peasants deeper into the wilderness, while
missionary zeal drew large numbers of French Jesuits into
the interior in search of potential converts.

Front 10

Louis Joliet

Back 10

Jolliet apparently lost his desire for the life of a religious and withdrew from the seminary in 1667. After a year in France, Jolliet determined to enter the fur trade, that magnet of the youth of New France, and began his career in the west. Two years later, the Comte de Frontenac, the new governor, authorized Jolliet to undertake an exploration of the Mississippi.

Front 11

Father Jacques Marquette

Back 11

Jacques Marquette was born in Laon, France. He became a Jesuit priest, and, at his own request, was sent to New France in 1666 where he studied Native American languages under a missionary at Trois Rivières.

Front 12

Rene Robert Cavalier

Back 12

René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle (1643-1687) was a French explorer. He was sent by King Louis XIV (14) to travel south from Canada and sail down the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico. He was the first European to travel the length of the Mississippi River (1682). His mission was to explore and establish fur-trade routes along the river.

Front 13

The Iroquois Confederacy

Back 13

The Iroquois Confederacy stretches across its historical territory, which includes the northeastern United States and portions of southern Canada. It is known for its representative and hierarchical system of government that developed without any European influence.

Front 14

King Williams War

Back 14

King William’s War was the American phase of the War of the League of Augsburg in Europe, the first of a series of Europen conflicts that echoed across the distant American frontier for the better part of a century. The Dutch king, William of Orange, and Mary, the daughter of King James II of England, both of them Protestants, assumed the throne of England, Scotland, and Ireland in 1689 as King William III and Queen Mary II.

Front 15

Fort Necessity

Back 15

, or the Battle of the Great Meadows took place on July 3, 1754 in what is now the mountaintop hamlet of Farmington in Fayette County, Pennsylvania. The engagement was one of the first battles of the French and Indian War and George Washington's only military surrender. The battle, along with the May 28 Battle of Jumonville Glen, contributed to a series of military escalations that resulted in the global Seven Years' War.

Front 16

William Pitt

Back 16

he younger Pitt's prime ministerial tenure, which came during the reign of George III, was dominated by major events in Europe, including the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. Pitt, although often referred to as a Tory, or "new Tory", called himself an "independent Whig"[2] and was generally opposed to the development of a strict partisan political system.

Front 17

Siege of Quebec

Back 17

he Battle of Quebec (French: Bataille de Québec) was fought on December 31, 1775 between American Continental Army forces and the British defenders of the city of Quebec, early in the American Revolutionary War. The battle was the first major defeat of the war for the Americans, and it came at a high price.

Front 18

Peace of Paris 1763

Back 18

The Treaty of Paris of 1763 (along with the companion Treaty of Hubertusburg) ended the Seven Years’ War, the American counterpart of which was the French and Indian War.

Front 19

Proclamation of 1763

Back 19

he royal proclamation of 1763 did much to dampen that celebration. The proclamation, in effect, closed off the frontier to colonial expansion. The King and his council presented the proclamation as a measure to calm the fears of the Indians, who felt that the colonists would drive them from their lands as they expanded westward.

Front 20

Greenville Ministry

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Front 21

Sugar Act

Back 21

On April 5, 1764, Parliament passed a modified version of the Sugar and Molasses Act (1733), which was about to expire. Under the Molasses Act colonial merchants had been required to pay a tax of six pence per gallon on the importation of foreign molasses. But because of corruption, they mostly evaded the taxes and undercut the intention of the tax

Front 22

Currency Act

Back 22

On September 1, 1764, Parliament passed the Currency Act, effectively assuming control of the colonial currency system. The act prohibited the issue of any new bills and the reissue of existing currency.

Front 23

Paxton Boys

Back 23

he Paxton Boys was a vigilante group that murdered twenty Native Americans in events sometimes called the Conestoga Massacre. Presbyterian Scots-Irish frontiersmen from central Pennsylvania, centered in Paxton Township along the Susquehanna River, now part of Dauphin County, formed a vigilante group in response to fear and hatred of the American Indian caused largely by the French and Indian War and exacerbated by Pontiac's Rebellion.

Front 24

Regulatory Movement

Back 24

The War of the Regulation (or the Regulator Movement) was a North Carolina uprising, lasting from approximately 1764 to 1771, where citizens took up arms against corrupt colonial officials. While unsuccessful, some historians consider it a catalyst to the American Revolutionary War.

Front 25

Stamp Act

Back 25

(short title Duties in American Colonies Act 1765; 5 George III, c. 12) was a direct tax imposed by the British Parliament specifically on the colonies of British America. The act required that many printed materials in the colonies be produced on stamped paper produced in London and carrying an embossed revenue stamp.[1][2] These printed materials were legal documents, magazines, newspapers and many other types of paper used throughout the colonies. Like previous taxes, the stamp tax had to be paid in valid British currency, not in colonial paper money.

Front 26

Virginia Resolves

Back 26

he resolves claimed that in accordance with long established British law, Virginia was subject to taxation only by a parliamentary assembly to which Virginians themselves elected representatives.

Front 27

Sons Of Liberty

Back 27

The Sons of Liberty was a political group made up of American Patriots that originated in the pre-independence North American British colonies. The group was designed to incite change in the British government's treatment of the Colonies in the years following the end of the French and Indian War. These patriots attacked the apparatus and symbols of British authority and power through both words and deeds.

Front 28

The Tory’s

Back 28

oryism is a traditionalist political philosophy which grew out of the Cavalier faction in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. It is one of the prominent political parties in Great Britain, but also features in parts of The Commonwealth, particularly in Canada.

Front 29

Mutiny Act

Back 29

The Mutiny Act was an act passed yearly by Parliament for governing the British Army. It was originally passed in 1689 in response to the mutiny of a large portion of the army which stayed loyal to the Stuarts upon William III taking the crown of England.[1]

Front 30

Quartering Act

Back 30

Quartering Act is the name of at least two 18th-century acts of the Parliament of Great Britain. These Quartering Acts were used by the British forces in the American colonies to ensure that British soldiers had adequate housing and provisions. These acts were amendments to the Mutiny Act, which had to be renewed annually by Parliament.[1] Originally intended as a response to problems that arose during Britain's victory in the Seven Years War they later became a source of tension between inhabitants of the Thirteen Colonies and the government in London.

Front 31

Townshend Act

Back 31

The Townshend Acts, British legislation intended to raise revenue, tighten customs enforcement, and assert imperial authority in America, were sponsored by Chancellor of the Exchequer Charles Townshend, (right - 1725-67) and enacted on June 29, 1767. The key statute levied import duties on glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea. Its purpose was to provide salaries for some colonial officials so that the provincial assemblies could not coerce them by withholding wages.

Front 32

Navigation Act

Back 32

were a series of laws that restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England (after 1707 Great Britain) and its colonies, which started in 1651. Later, they were one of several sources of resentment in the American colonies against Great Britain, helping cause the American Revolutionary War. They formed the basis for British overseas trade for nearly 200 years.

Front 33

Boston Massacre

Back 33

was an incident that led to the deaths of five civilians at the hands of British troops on March 5, 1770, the legal aftermath of which helped spark the rebellion in some of the British American colonies, which culminated in the American Revolutionary War.

Front 34

Samuel Adams

Back 34

Samuel Adams (September 27 [O.S. September 16] 1722 – October 2, 1803) was a statesman, political philosopher, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. As a politician in colonial Massachusetts, Adams was a leader of the movement that became the American Revolution, and was one of the architects of the principles of American republicanism that shaped the political culture of the United States. He was a second cousin to President John Adams.

Front 35

Loyalists

Back 35

Loyalists were American colonists who remained loyal to the Kingdom of Great Britain (and the British monarchy) during the American Revolutionary War

Front 36

Patriots

Back 36

Patriots defeat Loyalists at the bridge, located about 17 miles from Wilmington, North Carolina.

Front 37

Gaspee Incident

Back 37

The Gaspée Affair was a significant event in the lead-up to the American Revolution. HMS[1] Gaspée, a British revenue schooner that had been enforcing unpopular trade regulations, ran aground in shallow water on June 9, 1772, near what is now known as Gaspee Point in the city of Warwick, Rhode Island, while chasing the packet boat Hannah.[2] In a notorious act of defiance, American patriots led by Abraham Whipple and John Brown attacked, boarded, looted, and torched the ship.[3]

Front 38

Tea Act

Back 38

The Tea Act, passed by Parliament on May 10, 1773, would launch the final spark to the revolutionary movement in Boston. The act was not intended to raise revenue in the American colonies, and in fact imposed no new taxes. It was designed to prop up the East India Company which was floundering financially and burdened with eighteen million pounds of unsold tea. This tea was to be shipped directly to the colonies, and sold at a bargain price. The Townshend Duties were still in place, however, and the radical leaders in America found reason to believe that this act was a maneuver to buy popular support for the taxes already in force. The direct sale of tea, via British agents, would also have undercut the business of local merchants.

Front 39

Daughters of Liberty

Back 39

was a successful Colonial American group that consisted of women who displayed their patriotism by participating in boycotts of British goods following the passage of the Townshend Acts. Using their feminine skills of the time, they made homespun cloth and other goods.

The Daughters of Liberty used their traditional skills to weave yarn and wool into fabric, known as "homespun". They were recognized as patriotic heroines for their success, making America less dependent on British textiles. Proving their commitment to "the cause of liberty and industry" they openly opposed the Tea Act. They experimented to find substitutes for taxed goods such as tea and sugar. Discoveries like boiled basil leaves to make a tea like drink helped lift spirits as well as allowed for kept traditions without the use of British taxed tea.

Front 40

Boston Tea Party

Back 40

The Boston Tea Party was a direct action by colonists in Boston, a town in the British colony of Massachusetts, against the British government. On December 16, 1773, after officials in Boston refused to return three shiploads of taxed tea to Britain, a group of colonists boarded the ships and destroyed the tea by throwing it into Boston Harbor. The incident remains an iconic event of American history, and other political protests often refer to it.

Front 41

Coercive Acts

Back 41

The British called their responsive measures to the Boston Tea Party the Coercive Acts. Boston Harbor was closed to trade until the owners of the tea were compensated. Only food and firewood were permitted into the port. Town meetings were banned, and the authority of the royal governor was increased.

To add insult to injury, General Gage, the British commander of North American forces, was appointed governor of Massachusetts. British troops and officials would now be tried outside Massachusetts for crimes of murder. Greater freedom was granted to British officers who wished to house their soldiers in private dwellings.

Front 42

First Continental Congress

Back 42

The First Continental Congress was a convention ( evryone loves america )of delegates from twelve of the thirteen North American colonies that met on September 5, 1774, at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, early in the American Revolution. Called in response to the passage of the Coercive Acts (also known as Intolerable Acts by the Colonial Americans) by the British Parliament, the Congress was attended by 56 members appointed by the legislatures of twelve of the Thirteen Colonies, the exception being the Province of Georgia, which did not send delegates. At the time, Georgia declined to send a delegation because it was seeking help from London in pacifying its smoldering Indian frontier.[1]

The Congress met briefly to consider options, including an economic boycott of British trade; publishing a list of rights and grievances; and petitioning King George for redress of those grievances.John Adams

Front 43

John Adams

Back 43

John Adams (October 30, 1735 – July 4, 1826) was an American politician and political philosopher and the second President of the United States (1797–1801), after being the first Vice President of the United States (1789–1797) for two terms. He was one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States.

Front 44

Battle of Lexington and Concord

Back 44

The Battles of Lexington and Concord were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War.[9][10] They were fought on April 19, 1775, in Middlesex County, Province of Massachusetts Bay, within the towns of Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Menotomy (present-day Arlington), and Cambridge, near Boston. The battles marked the outbreak of open armed conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and its thirteen colonies in the mainland of British North America.

Front 45

General Thomas Gage

Back 45

Thomas Gage, b. 1719 or 1720, d. Apr. 2, 1787, was a British general and colonial governor in America. His aggressive actions against the colonists contributed to the American Revolution. In 1774 he became governor of Massachusetts, where he attempted to quell agitation and enforce the Intolerable Acts. It was Gage who ordered the troops to Lexington and Concord in April 1775. After the Battle of Bunker Hill, he was recalled to England.

Front 46

Paul Revere

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Front 47

John Dickinson Letters to a farmer

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