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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Population dramatically increased, began to concentrate in industrial centers of the _____.
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North
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The population was increasing rapidly, much were migrating west and moving into ___________________.
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towns and cites
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Growth because of improvements in public health (decrease in number and intensity of _________), high birth rate, lower infant mortality rates.
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epidemics
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Immigration did not contribute greatly until _____, because of Eur wars and US economic problems.
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1830s
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Immigrant boom caused by lower transport costs, increased US economic opportunity and ______________________ in some Eur areas.
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less economic opportunity
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Immigrant + internal migration led to growth of ______ b/c agriculture in New England less profitable (some moved West also). By 1810 New York largest city.
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cities
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New York became the largest city because of it's harbor, its access to the __________, and liberal state laws.
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Erie Canal
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By 1860 26% of __________ populations lived in towns or cities.
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free state
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Booming agricultural economy of west led small villages and trading posts to become cities. Benefited from Mississippi R, centers of ________ trade
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Midwest
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By 1860 American population greater than that of _______ and approaching France and Germany.
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Britain
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____________ from flow of ppl from Northeast farms (competition from Eur farms + Western farms) & influx of immigrants abroad.
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Urban growth
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Few immigrants settled in the _____.
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South
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Majority of immigrants came from ___________________.
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Germany and Ireland
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German industrial revolution had caused _______, and because of collapse of liberal 1848 revolution caused immigration.
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poverty
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Ireland unpopular English rule and ________________ caused immigration.
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“potato famine”
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Most Germans were single men or family men, moved to Northwest, Irish were ___________ who stayed in Eastern cities.
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single women
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Some native-born Americans saw opportunity in immigration. Industrialists & employers wanted ___________, land speculators and politicians hoped would populate west and increase demand for goods.
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cheap labor
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Some Nativists were ______, workers feared low immigrant wages would steal their jobs, Protestants feared Irish Catholics & Rome, many upset b/c voted Democratic.
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racist
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Tension and prejudice led to secret societies to combat _____________, Native American Association 1837, 1845 Native American Party, peak in 1850s with combination in Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner.
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“alien menace”
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Nativists wanted to ban Catholics from office, restrict _____________, force literacy tests for voting.
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naturalization
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Secret order known as _____________ turned to party politics, after 1852 election formed American Party, success in 1854 East elections, declined after
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Know-Nothings
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1790-1820s “turnpike era”, but roads not _________ for nation’s growing needs.
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adequate
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Traffic on large rivers such as Miss. and Ohio had been mainly flat ______ (rafts) that could not travel upstream.
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barges
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By 1820s steamboats and __________ carried western and southern crops quickly to the north.
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riverboats
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___________ mostly carried passengers.
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Steamboats
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Farmers and merchants unhappy because a more ______ route could lower transport costs and product costs.
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direct
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NY’s Erie Canal began July 4, 1817 to connect __________________________.
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Hudson River and Lake Erie
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________________ became governor, and helped influence the public to be pro-Erie Canal.
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De Witt Clinton
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NY ______ to Great Lakes, Chicago, growing Western markets. NY now competed with New Orleans.
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access
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Other _______ (Ohio, Indiana) followed the success of the Erie Canal to create their own canals.
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states
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___________ results of Erie Canal was increased white settlement in Northwest.
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Immediate
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NY power + _____________ control alarmed other Atlantic cities. Most attempts limited successes or failed.
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hinterland
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_____________ breakthroughs that led to the railroad system: invention of tracks, creation of steam powered locomotives, development of railroad cars (that could carry passengers).
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Technological
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_____________ ran a locomotive and cars around a circular track on his New Jersey estate.
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John Stevens
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________________________ in England opened a short length of track, became first to carry general traffic.
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Stockton and Darlington Railroad
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In 1830s no real __________, most lines simply connected water routes and not links to other rail systems.
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rail system
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Some states and corporations also limited the railroad's ability to compete effectively against ______.
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canals
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1850’s trackage tripled. Most comprehensive and efficient system in northeast, but no region __________.
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untouched
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Trend toward consolidation of short lines into longer lines (__________), connected Northeast with Northwest.
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“trunk lines”
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Lessened dependence of West on Miss. R, weakening N + S economic ___________.
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connection
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Capital to finance railroads came from private investors, abroad, and local governments. Fed govt gave _______________ to states for RailRoads.
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public land grants
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Magnetic telegraph lines along tracks aided train routing, but also allowed _________________________ btwn cities, linked N and NW at exclusion of S.
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instant communication
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__________________ invented the telegraph. Low cost of construction made it ideal solution to long-distance communication.
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Samuel F. B. Morse
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By 1860 __________________________________ had been founded linking most independent telegraph lines.
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Western Union Telegraph Company
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In journalism _____________’s 1846 steam cylinder rotary press allowed rapid and cheap newspapers, telegraph increased news speed.
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Richard Hoe
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1846 ______________ formed to promote cooperate wire transmission.
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Associated Press
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_______________________ were Horace Greeley’s Tribune, James Bennett’s Herald, Henry Raymond’s Times.
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New York’s major papers
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Most major magazines and newspapers located in North,new ____________ of differences.
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awareness
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Business grew because of population, transportation revolution, and new ____________ practices.
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entrepreneurial
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______ distribution became more efficient with specialty stores in cities.
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Retail
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Individual + small merchant capitalist companies dominated, but some larger businesses gave way to ___________.
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corporations
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states passed easy _________________. Limited liability meant stockholder risked only value of investment if corp failed
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incorporation laws
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Great demand for capital led businesses to rely on credit, but _______________ standards of govt led to too little $, led private banks to issue less stable notes.
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gold and silver
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Bank ________ frequent, insecure deposits. Credit difficulty limited growth
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failures
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began in New England _______ industry, large water-driven machines increased production
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textile
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1820s factory system was used in the ____ industry.
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shoe
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Value of manufactured goods roughly equal to ___________ goods.
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agricultural
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Largest manufacturers located in the __________, large amt of ppl employed.
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Northeast
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Developed industries relatively immature, fine items came from ________.
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England
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Rapid machine technology advances, sophisticated _____________.
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textile industry
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Created at Springfield Armory, MA - _________________________________
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turret lathe and universal milling machine
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the _____________________ was designed to help the army produce standardized rifle parts.
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precision grinding machine
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____________________ revolutionizes watch and clock making.
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interchangeable parts
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____ was replacing wood and water power as fuel for many factories.
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Coal
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Technological advances due to American inventors, increasing number of ________.
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patents
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______________ worked with rubber.
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Charles Goodyear
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_________________ invented the sewing machine.
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Howe and Singer
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Merchant capitalism decline because British competition stealing export trade, greater profits found in manufacturing than _____.
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trade
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Corporations spreading rapidly, especially in textile industry. Ownership moving form families and individuals to many _____________.
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stockholders
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In factory system’s early years recruiting labor difficult because of _________________________.
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farms and small cities
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New farmlands in Midwest + new farm machinery and techniques increased food production, decreased need for _____.
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labor
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Transport allowed ___________ of food from other regions—ppl in New Eng left rural areas for factories.
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importation
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Some recruitment brought __________ form farm to the mill with parents working alongside children.
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whole families
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______________ system enlisted young women.
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Lowell or Waltham
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Labor conditions relatively good in early years of system, better than Europe. Lowell system used young, unmarried women but had good _____________.
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housing + food
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Even well-treated workers found the __________ from life on farm to in factory difficult - repetitive tasks.
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transition
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Women had little other choice because barred from manual labor, unthinkable to ______ in search of opportunity.
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travel
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Competitive textile market of 1830s/40s manufactures had __________ maintaining high standards + conditions, wages fell.
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difficulty
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Union of Factory Girls Association _______ twice, but both failed.
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striked
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Increasing supply of immigrant workers after 1840 boom for manufacturers- large and ___________ labor source.
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inexpensive
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Little leverage with employers, lack of skills and native ___________ led to low, intermittent wages—great poverty
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prejudice
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_____ workers predominated 1840s textile industry, arrival led to deteriorating working conditions. Less social pressure on owners to maintain decent env’t, piece rates instead of daily wages to speed production
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Irish
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Factories becoming large, noisy, unsanitary, dangerous places to work, hours long, wages declining. Still however, ________ better than England and Eur
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conditions
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Factory system displaced skilled _______ - had been embodiment of republican independent worker.
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artisans
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Early 19th century began to form organizations and first labor ______ to protect artisan position.
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unions
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Interconnected economies of cities made national unions or federations of local unions logical. 1834 ___________________
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National Trade Unions
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Labor leaders struggled w/ hostile _______________, common law made worker combination as illegal conspiracy. Panic of 1837 also weakened movement.
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laws and courts
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Workers at all levels in industrial economy tried to improve position by making 10-hour workday or restricting child labor, but laws ________ changed anything.
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hardly
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842 MA Supreme Court ruled in ______________________ that unions were legal and strikes lawful.
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Commonwealth v Hunt
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Artisans + skilled worker unions were more like preindustrial ______ that restricted admission to skilled trades.
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guilds
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Working class of 1840s/50s had only modest power- limited by numerous immigrant laborers who could replace strikers, ethnic division led to worker _______.
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disunity
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Commercial +industrial growth raised average income of Americans, but wealth distributed _________
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unequally
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Slaves, Indians, landless farmers, many unskilled workers little change in income. Small % of families owned ________ of wealth.
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majority
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Newly wealthy merchants & industrialists settled in cities forming social clubs and places like ____________ to display wealth.
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Central Park
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Large population of destitute (____) ppl in growing urban areas - little resources, often homeless. Included recent immigrants, widows, orphans, ppl w/ mental illness.
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poor
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Class conflict quelled b/c working standards declined but living standard ___________.
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improving
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Opportunity to participate in politics expanded, _______ tied ppl to community
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ballot
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Economic development offered opportunity to own and work for businesses, land no longer=______
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wealth
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Patriarchal system of __________ farm land disappeared
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inherited
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Even farms became commercialized b/c larger lands required more labor than just ______.
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family
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______ had long been denied legal + political rights, little access to business, less access to education at high levels
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Women
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________ in Ohio was the first college to allow women to attend.
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Oberlin
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_____________ female culture emerged.
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“Separate sphere”
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Leisure time scarce for all but wealthy, vacations rare, Sunday often only day of rest + Church. Reading expanded, new newspapers, magazines, books for affluent. Theaters, minstrel shows, _____ sporting events increasingly popular
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public
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_________ amazed people with the American Museum in New York, which was a freak show.
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PT Barnum
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After 1840, NW agricultural _______ and transformation - farmers couldn’t compete with new rich soil of Northwest.
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decline
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Rural life not always _________, but less contact w/ popular culture and public social life than in towns and cities. Cherished farm life autonomy
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isolated
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