Ap Biology Unit 7 Part Two

Front 1

Ingestion

Back 1

the act of eating is only the first stage of food processing.

Front 2

Digestion

Back 2

the second stage of food processing, is the process of breaking food down into molecules small enough for the body to absorb.

Front 3

Enzyme Hydrolysis

Back 3

Digestion reverses the process by breaking bonds with the addition of water. The splitting process is called Enzyme Hydrolysis.

Front 4

Absorption

Back 4

the animal's cells take up (absorb) small molecules such as amino acids and simple sugars from the digestive compartment.

Front 5

elimination

Back 5

occurs, as the undigested material passes out of the digestive compartment

Front 6

intracellular digestion

Back 6

digestion within a cell, begins after a cell fully engulfs food by phagocytosis or pinocytosis.

Front 7

Extracellular digestion

Back 7

the breaking down of food outside cells.

Front 8

gastrovascular cavity

Back 8

Many animals with relatively simple body plans have a digestive sac with a single opening. This pouch, called a gastrovascular cavity, functions in both digestion and distribution of nutrients throughout the body.

Front 9

Complete digestive tract/ alimentary canal

Back 9

in contrast to cnidarians and flatworms, most animals have a digestive tube extending between two openings, a mouth and an anus.

Front 10

Peristalsis

Back 10

rhythmic waves of contraction by smooth muscles in the wall of the canal, pushes food along the tract.

Front 11

Sphincters

Back 11

at some of the junctions between specialized segments of the digestive tube, the muscular layer is modified into ringlike valves called sphinctors, which close off the tube like drawstrings, regulating the passage of material between chambers of the canals.

Front 12

Accessary glands

Back 12

The accessary glands of the mammalian digestive system are three pairs of salivary glands, the pancreas, the liver, and the gallbladder, which stores a digestive juice.

Front 13

Salivary amylase

Back 13

an enzyme that hydrolyzes starch and glycogen. The main products of this enzyme's actions are smaller polysaccharides and disaccharide maltose.

Front 14

bolus

Back 14

the tongue tastes food, manipulates it during chewing, and shapes into small balls called bolus.

Front 15

Pharynx

Back 15

the region we call our throat is the pharynx, a juntion that opens to both the esophagus and the windpipe (trachea).

Front 16

Epiglottis

Back 16

When we swallow, the top of the windpipe moves up so that its opening, the glottis, is blocked by this cartilagenous flap

Front 17

esophagus

Back 17

conducts food from the pharynx down to the stomach by peristalsis.

Front 18

stomach

Back 18

stores food and performs preliminary steps of digestion.

Front 19

gastric juice

Back 19

the stomach performs important digestive functions: it secretes a digestive fluid called gastric juice and mixes this secretion with the food by the churning action of the smooth mucles in the stomach walls.

Front 20

pepsin

Back 20

an enzyme that begins the hydrolysis of proteins