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51 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
fermentation
a partial degredation of sugars that occurs without the use of oxygen
typs of fermentation
lactic acid and alcohol fermentation
cellular respiration
oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with organic fuel. generates energy.
redox reactions
the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another
oxidation
the loss of electrons from a substance
reduction
the addition of electrons to a substance
reducing agent
electron donor
oxidizing agent
electron acceptor
NAD+
a coenzyme important to respiration (enzyme carrier)
electron transport chain
a sequence of elctron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release the energy used to make ATP
glycolysis
can occur with or without oxygen. Occurs in the cytosol. begins cellular respiration by breaking a glucose down into pyruvate.
citric acid cycle
occurs in the mitochondria completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide
acetyl CoA
pyruvate is converted to this compound upon entering the mitochondrion, enabling the citric acid cycle to begin
cytochromes
electron carriers between ubiquione and oxygen
chemiosmosis
a process in which energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane is used to derive cellular work
lactic acid fermentation
pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate as an end product (woth no release of carbon dioxide)
facultative anaerobes
species that make enough ATP to survive using either fermentation or respiration
beta oxidation
breaks the fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments, which enter the Kreb's Cycle at acetyl CoA
photosynthesis
converts light to energy (used in plants)
autotroph
self-feeder, can create own food
photoautotrophs
use light as a source of energy to synthesize organic substances
heterotrophs
consumers, feed on the compounds produced by other organisms
chemoautotrophs
get energy from oxidizing organic molecules
chlorophyll
a green pigment located within a chloroplast
mesophyll
tissue on the interior of the leaf where chloroplasts are found
stroma
microscopic pores through which carbon dioxide enters and oxygen exits
thylakoids
separate the stroma from the thylakoid space
light reactions
the first (or "photo") step of photosynthesis that converts solar energy to chemical energy
Calvin Cycle
the second (or "synthesis") step of photosythesis, produces sugar using ATP and NADH produced by the light reaction, also called the dark reaction
carbon fixation
the initial incorporation of carbon into organic compounds
wavelength
the distance between the crests of electromagnetic waves
electromagnetic spectrum
the entire range of radiation
visible light
the segment of the spectrum most important to life (380 nm to 750 nm in wavelength)
photons
small particles of light
spectrophometer
an instrument that measures the ability of a pigment to absorb various wavelengths of light
chlorophyll b
an accessory pigment that helps broaden the spectrum of colors that can be used in photosynthesis (yellow-green)
carotenoids
yellow-orange accessory pigment
photosystem
composed of a reaction center surrounded by a number of light-harvesting complexes
light-harvesting complex
consists of pigment molecules bound to particular proteins
reaction center
a protein complex that includes two special chlorophyll a molecules and a molecule called the primary electron acceptor
primary elecrton acceptor
a specialized molecule sharing the reaction center with the pair of reaction center chlorophyll a molecules; accepts an electron from one of these two chlorophylls
photosystem II (PS II) / photosystem I (PS I)
the two types of photosystems that cooperate in the light reactions of photosynthesis, which are located in the plasma membrane
noncyclic electron flow
the predominant route of the two possible routes for electron flow, uses PS I and PS II
cyclic electron flow
the other route used for electron flow; uses PS I but not PS II
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
the three-carbon sugar carbohydrate produced directly from the Calvin Cycle
rubisco (RuBP carboxylase)
the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of carbon fixation
C3 plants
plants where initial fixation of carbo occurs via rubisco
photorespiration
a process of plant respiration; detrimental to plants because it makes carbon dioxide-fixing less efficient
bundle-sheath cells
a photosynthetic cell that is arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the vain of the leaf
C4 plants
plants that use a route other than the Calvin Cycle to "fix" carbon dioxide
CAM photosynthesis
a type of photosynthesis used by desert plants to produce energy. used because the stromates in these plants are closed during the day to reduce excessive water loss