--Ap Biology Chapter 45

Front 1

A molecule that is secreted into the extra cellular fluid, circulates in the blood or hemolymph, and communicates regulatory messages throughout the body is a...

Back 1

Hormone

Front 2

Chemical signaling by hormones is the function of the _ system.

Back 2

Endocrine (the other major communication and control system is the nervous system)

Front 3

T/F: Molecules used in signaling are often classified by the type of secreting cell and the route taken by the signal in reaching its target.

Back 3

True

Front 4

Other endocrine cells are grouped in ductless organs called...

Back 4

Endocrine glands

Front 5

Secreted molecules that act over short distances and reach their target cells solely by diffusion (thus aren't called hormones because they don't reach target cells through the bloodstream) are called...

Back 5

Local regulators (e.g., cytokines in the immune response)

Front 6

What are the two types of signaling in local regulators? Describe them.

Back 6

Paracrine (secretion cells secrete local regulator at the sight of target cells) and autocrine (secretion cell IS the target cell)

Front 7

In what type of signaling do neurotransmitters diffuse across synapses of the neurons and trigger responses in cells of target tissues?

Back 7

Synaptic signaling

Front 8

In what signaling do neurohormones diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body?

Back 8

Neuroendocrine signaling

Front 9

Chemicals that are released into the external environment are called...

Back 9

Pheromones

Front 10

What three groups are hormones often divided into?

Back 10

Polypeptides (proteins and peptides), amines (synthesized from a single amino acid), and steroids (lipids all developed from cholesterol)

Front 11

Besides the binding to either receptors ON the cell or IN the cell, what is the difference between the journey of lipid and water soluble proteins from the secretory cell to the target cell?

Back 11

Contrastingly, the lipid soluble protein travels in the bloodstream with a transport protein, not alone.

Front 12

The series of changes in cellular proteins that concerts the extracellular chemical signal to a specific intracellular response is called...

Back 12

Signal transduction

Front 13

T/F: In most cases, the response to a lipid-soluble hormone is a change in gene expression.

Back 13

True

Front 14

T/F: Once a lipid-soluble hormone/steroid binds to a receptor protein in the cytosol the whole complex then acts in activating certain genes as a transcription factor.

Back 14

True

Front 15

T/F: Tissues vary in their response to hormones because they vary in their receptors or signal transduction pathways.

Back 15

True

Front 16

T/F: Prostaglandins stimulate zygote formation, labor in child birth, the inflammatory and pain in the immune response, and the aggregation of platelets in blood clotting.

Back 16

True

Front 17

T/F: The cycle of the entry of low pH (acidic) food contents into the duodenum causing the release of secretin which enters the pancreas and stimulates the release of neutralizing bicarbonate which ultimately rids of the acidic stimulus is a good example of negative feedback.

Back 17

True

Front 18

T/F: Two antagonistic hormones, insulin and glucagon, regulate the concentration of glucose in the blood.

Back 18

True

Front 19

When blood glucose levels are too high, _ triggers the uptake of glucose from the blood.

Back 19

Insulin

Front 20

When blood glucose levels are too low, _ promotes the release of glucose into the blood.

Back 20

Glucagon

Front 21

What are the clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas known as, what are the types, and what do they make?

Back 21

They are called the "islets of Langerhans," and the alpha islets make glucagon and the beta islets make insulin.

Front 22

T/F: Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by stimulating nearly all body cells outside the brain to take up glucose from the blood and by slowing glycogen breakdown in the liver, etc.

Back 22

True

Front 23

T/F: Glucagon signals liver cells to increase glycogen hydrolysis making more glucose in the blood.

Back 23

True

Front 24

Which type of diabetes mellitus is a childhood autoimmune disorder in which the immune system destroys the beta cells in the pancreas which create insulin?

Back 24

Type 1

Front 25

Which type of diabetes results from the lack of target cells in picking up glucose from the blood?

Back 25

Type 2

Front 26

T/F: In response to neurohormones like PTTH, invertebrates like the caterpillar release ecdysone, which promotes metamorphosis and molting.

Back 26

True (juvenile hormone specifically controls juvenile characteristics)

Front 27

What plays a central role in coordinating the nervous and endocrine systems in vertebraes?

Back 27

The hypothalamus

Front 28

T/F: Signals from the hypothalamus are sent to the posterior/anterior pituitary gland.

Back 28

True

Front 29

What are the two hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland and what are their functions?

Back 29

Oxytocin (causes target mammary cells to produce milk in response to the stimulus of the infant suckling, works in uterine contraction during childbirth, positive feedback) and ADH/vasopressin (regulates kidney function)

Front 30

T/F: The anterior pituitary synthesizes and secretes many hormones and is itself regulated by hormones secreted by the Hypothalamus, and each hormone released by the hypothalamus into the anterior is either a releasing hormone OR an inhibiting hormone.

Back 30

True

Front 31

T/F: Stimulation of the hypothalamus by nerves causes it to promote or inhibit the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary. If promoted, these hormones travel to the target endocrine tissue where another hormone is released, and ultimately thus systemic metabolic or developmental effects occur as a result.

Back 31

True

Front 32

A hormone that regulates the function of endocrine cells/glands (in turn activating other hormones themselves in a cascade fashion) is called a...

Back 32

Tropic hormone

Front 33

What do FSH and LH (tropic hormones) function in, and what is another name for them?

Back 33

They stimulate the activities of the male and female gonads, respectively, and are also called gonadotropins.

Front 34

What are the two nontropic hormones of the anterior pituitary called? What are their main functions?

Back 34

Prolactin (PLR, considered ancient because it has such varying effects among animals), and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH, works in pigmentation and huger effects in mammals)

Front 35

What is the only example of a tropic AND nontropic hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary?

Back 35

Growth hormone

Front 36

T/F: Thyroid hormone regulates both homeostasis and developement, and the term actually refers to two very similar hormones derived from the amino acid tyrosine (T3 and T4)

Back 36

True

Front 37

What hormone is secreted from the parathyroid glands to control the Ca2+ levels in the blood by stimulating the Ca2+ release in bones and the making of vitamin D which causes absorption of Ca2+ in the intestines?

Back 37

Parathyroid hormone

Front 38

If Ca2+ levels are too high in the blood, what hormone do the parathyroid glands release that inhibits bone resorption and enhances Ca2+ release by kidneys?

Back 38

Calcitonin

Front 39

In mammals, each adrenal gland is actually made up of two glands with different cell types, function, and embryonic origins, which are...

Back 39

The adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla

Front 40

T/F: The adrenal cortex consists of true endocrine cells while the medulla is derived from neural tissue. Thus like the pituitary gland, each adrenal gland is a fused endocrine and neuroendocrine gland.

Back 40

True

Front 41

The class of amine hormones that is synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine is...

Back 41

Catecholamines

Front 42

What are the two "fight or flight" hormones secreted by the adrenal glands?

Back 42

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

Front 43

T/F: Epinephrine generally has a stronger effect on heart and metabolic rates, while the primary role of nonepinephrine is in modulating blood pressure.

Back 43

True

Front 44

T/F: While the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine which is in response to nervous stress, the adrenal cortex responds to tropic hormones released from the hypothalamus/pituitaries.

Back 44

True

Front 45

The endocrine cells of the adrenal cortex generally synthesize...

Back 45

Corticosteroids (main types are glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids)

Front 46

T/F: The synthesis of glucose from muscle proteins (by glucocorticoids) provides circulating fuel when the body requires more glucose than the liver can mobilize from its glycogen (fat) stores.

Back 46

True

Front 47

T/F: "Male" hormones are androgens (e.g., testosterone), and female hormones are estrogens and progestins.

Back 47

True

Front 48

T/F: Progestins or progesterones are primarily involved in preparing and maintaining tissues of the uterus required to support the growth and development of an embryo.

Back 48

True

Front 49

What does the pineal gland secrete?

Back 49

Melatonin

Front 50

T/F: Melatonin regulates functions related to light and to seasons marked by changes in day length.

Back 50

True