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40 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Nonspecific first line of defense against invaders entering through the skin or openings of the body
Skin and mucous membranes
Characteristics of the 1st line of defense
Skin, anti microbial proteins, cilia, gastric juice, and symbiotic bacteria.
Skin
A physical, hostile barrier covered with oily and acidic (ph 3-5) secretions from sweat glands.
Antimicrobial proteins
Ex: lysozyme. Contained in saliva, tears, and other secretions found on mucous membranes.
Cilia
Line the lungs to sweep invaders out
Gastric juice
In the stomach; kills most microbes
Symbiotic bacteria
Found in the digestive tract and the vagina outcompete many other harmful organisms
Second line of defense mechanisms
Phagocytes, complement, interferons, and inflammatory response.
Phagocytes
White blood cells that engulf pathogens by phagocytosis. Includes neutrophils and monocytes.
Monocytes
Enlarge to form macrophages.
Natural killer cells
White blood cells that attack abnormal body cells or pathogen-infected body cells.
Complement
A group of about 20 proteins that complement defense reactions. They help attract phagocytes and promote cell lysis.
Interferons
Substances secreted by cells invaded by viruses that stimulate neighboring cells to produce defensive proteins.
Inflammatory response
A series of nonspecific events occur in response to pathogens. Includes histamine, vasodilation, phagocytes, and complement.
Histamine
Secreted by basophils
Basophils
White blood cells found in connective tissue
Vasodilation
Dilation of blood vessels stimulated by histamine. Causes redness, high temp, and swelling.
Third line of defense
Immune response
Immune response
Targets specific antigens.
Antigens
Molecules that are identified as foreign.
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
A mechanism by which the immune system is able to differentiate between self and nonself cells
Lymphocytes
Primary agents of the immune response. White blood cells that originate in the bone marrow but concentrate in lymphatic tissues.
Two kinds of lymphocytes
B cells and T cells
B cells
Lymphocytes that originate and mature in the bone marrow. Respond to antigens. Plasma membrane is characterized by antibodies.
Antibodies
Specialized antigen receptors. Also called immunoglobulins
Types of daughter B cells
Plasma cells and memory cells
Plasma cells
B cells that release their specific antibodies which then bind to antigens
Memory cells
B cells that do not release their antibodies immediately. Respond to any subsequent invasion of the same antigen. Provide immunity to many diseases after the first occurence of the disease
T cells
Lymphocytes that originate in the bone marrow but mature in the thymus gland. Have antigen receptors for recognition of molecules displayed by nonself cells
Two kinds of T cells
Cytotoxic T cells/killer T cells and helper T cells
Cytotoxic T cells/Killer T cells
Recognize and destroy nonself cells by puncturing them and causing them to lyse
Helper T cells
Stimulate the proliferation of B cells and cytotoxic T cells
Clonal selection
Results in a proliferation of B cells and T cells that will engage a specific invading antigen
Two reactions of the immune system response
Cell-mediated response and humoral response/antibody-mediated response
Cell mediated response
Uses mostly T cells and responds to an nonself cell, including cells invaded by pathogens.
Humoral/antibody mediated response
Involves most cells and reacts to antigens or pathogens that are circulating in the lymph or blood
3 supplemental natural body defenses
Antibiotics, vaccines, and passive immunity
Antibiotics
Chemicals derived from bacteria or fungi that are harmful to other microorganisms.
Vaccines
Substances that stimulate the production of memory cells.
Passive immunity
Obtained by transferring antibodies from an individual who previously had a disease to a newly infected individual