Ap Bio Unit 1

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DNA

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Deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.

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Adhesion

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The sticking together of particles of different substances

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Carbohydrate

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Any of a large group of organic compounds occurring in foods and living tissues and including sugars, starch, and cellulose. They contain hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as water (2:1) and typically can be broken down to release energy in the animal body

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Chitin

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A fibrous substance consisting of polysaccharides and forming the major constituent in the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi

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Cohesion

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The sticking together of particles of the same substance

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Compound

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Made up or consisting of several parts or elements, in particular

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Condensation Reaction

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A reaction in which 2 molecules are bonded together and water is created as a byproduct.

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Controlled Experiment

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When an experiment is conducted for the purpose of determining the effect of a single variable of interest on a particular system, a scientific control is used to minimize the unintended influence of other variables on the same system

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Covalent Bond

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a chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule

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Dehydration Synthesis

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In chemistry and the biological sciences, a dehydration reaction is usually defined as a chemical reaction that involves the loss of water from the reacting molecule. Dehydration reactions are a subset of elimination reactions

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Double Helix

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A pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis, esp. that in the structure of the DNA molecule

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Element

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Each of more than one hundred substances that cannot be chemically interconverted or broken down into simpler substances and are primary constituents of matter. Each element is distinguished by its atomic number, i.e., the number of protons in the nuclei of its atoms

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Genes

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A unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring

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Glycogen

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A substance deposited in bodily tissues as a store of carbohydrates. It is a polysaccharide that forms glucose on hydrolysis

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Hydrolysis

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The chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water

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Ionic Bond

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a chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other atom gains an electron to form a negative ion

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Isomer

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Each of two or more compounds with the same formula but a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule and different properties

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Amino Acid

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A simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl (COOH) and an amino (NH2) group

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Monosaccharide

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Any of the class of sugars (e.g., glucose) that cannot be hydrolyzed to give a simpler sugar

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Peptide Bond

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A peptide bond (amide bond) is a covalent chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amine group of the other molecule, thereby releasing a molecule of water (H2O

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Polymer

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A substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together, e.g., many synthetic organic materials used as plastics and resins

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Polypeptide

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A linear organic polymer consisting of a large number of amino-acid residues bonded together in a chain, forming part of (or the whole of) a protein molecule

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Primary Structure

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The characteristic sequence of amino acids forming a protein or polypeptide chain, considered as the most basic element of its structure

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Protein

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Any of a class of nitrogenous organic compounds that consist of large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids and are an essential part of all living organisms, esp. as structural components of body tissues such as muscle, hair, collagen, etc., and as enzymes and antibodies

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Ribose

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A sugar of the pentose class that occurs widely in nature as a constituent of nucleosides and several vitamins and enzymes

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Starch

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An odorless tasteless white substance occurring widely in plant tissue and obtained chiefly from cereals and potatoes. It is a polysaccharide that functions as a carbohydrate store and is an important constituent of the human diet

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Steroid

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Any of a large class of organic compounds with a characteristic molecular structure containing four rings of carbon atoms (three six-membered and one five). They include many hormones, alkaloids, and vitamins

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Triglyceride

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An ester formed from glycerol and three fatty acid groups. Triglycerides are the main constituents of natural fats and oils, and high concentrations in the blood indicate an elevated risk of stroke