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196 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anatomy
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the study of the structure and shape of the body, and its parts and their relationship to one another.
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Physiology
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the study of how the body and its parts work or function.
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Gross Anatomy
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study of large, easily observable structures
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Microscopic Anatomy
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the study of body structures that are too small to see with the naked eye
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Why would you have a hard time learning and understanding physiology if you did not also understand anatomy?
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Anatomy and physiology are related. A given function can occur only if the corresponding structure allows it.
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Levels of structural organization
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Chemical - Atoms & Molecules
Cellular Tissue Organ Organ System Organismal |
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Chemical level of structural organization
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Atoms combine to form molecules. Molecules associate to form microscopic cells
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Cellular level of structural organization
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All cells have some common functions, but individual cells vary widely in size and shape, reflecting their particular functions in the body
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Cells are the __________ of all living things
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smallest units
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Tissue level of structural organization
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Found in complex organisms
groups of similar cells that have a common function. |
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4 basic tissue types
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epithelial, connective, muscular, neural
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Organ level of structural organization
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where extremely complex functions become possible
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Organ
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a structure composed of two or more tissue types that performs a specific function for the body.
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Organ system
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a group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose. Each organ has its own job.
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Organism
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highest level of structural organization. 11 organ systems make up the living body
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List of organ systems
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Integumentary
Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive |
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Integumentary System
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external covering of the body - the skin
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Purpose of the Integumentary System
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*waterproofs the body
*cushions and protects the deeper tissues from injury *excretes salts and urea in perspiration *helps regulate body temperature |
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What, located in the skin, alerts us to what is happening on the body surface?
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temperature, pressure and pain receptors
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Skeletal System
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bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints
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Purpose of the Skeletal System
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*supports the body
*provides a framework for muscles *protective *formation of blood cells *stores minerals |
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Hematopoiesis
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formation of blood cells.
Takes place in the cavities of the skeleton |
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Where are minerals stored?
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hard substance of bones
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Muscular System - Skeletal Muscles
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only have one function - to contract or shorten. When this happens, movement occurs. "Machines of the body"
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Skeletal muscles
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*activities of these reflect the movement of the body as a whole.
*large fleshy *attached to the bones |
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Nervous System
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brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptors
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Purpose of the Nervous System
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*fast acting control system
*senses changes inside & outside the body *sends messages to the central nervous system so that it is constantly informed about what's going on. *central nervous system then responds by activating the appropriate body effectors (muscles or glands) |
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Endocrine System
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Controls the bodies activities but slower than the nervous system. The glands produce chemical molecules called hormones and release them into the blood to travel to relatively distant target organs.
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Endocrine glands - List
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Pituitary
Thyroids Parathyroids Adrenals Thymus Pancreas Pineal Ovaries Testes |
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Endocrine glands - structure
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Not connected like other organ systems but they all secrete hormones which regulate other structures.
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Endocrine glands - function
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The body functions controlled are varied, involving every cell of the body. Growth, reproduction and food use by cells are all controlled (at least in part) by hormones
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Cardiovascular System - Organs
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Heart
Blood Vessels |
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Cardiovascular System - Function
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Carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances to and from the tissue cells where exchanges are made. White blood cells & chemicals in the blood help protect the body from foreign invaders. The heart acts as the blood pump.
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Lymphatic System - Organs
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Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes Spleen Tonsils |
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Lymphatic System - function
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Compliments the cardiovascular system.
Returns fluid leaked from the blood back to the blood vessels Cleanse the blood and house cells involved in immunity |
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Respiratory System - Function
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Keeps the body constantly supplied with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.
Gases are transported to and from the blood through the thin walls of tiny airsacs |
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Respiratory System - Organs
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Nasal passages
Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs |
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DIgestive System
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a tube running through the body from mouth to anus.
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Digestive System - Organs
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Oral Cavity
Esophagus Stomach Small intestines Large intestines Rectum |
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Digestive System - Function
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break down food and deliver the products to the blood for dispersal to the body cells.
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Small intestines
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The breakdown activities that begin in the mouth are completed here.
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Large intestine
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reclaims water from the feces
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Liver
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Digestive organ that produces bile to help break down fats
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Pancreas
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Digestive organ delivers digestive enzymes to the small intestine.
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Urinary System - fuction
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Removes nitrogen containing wastes from the blood and flushes then from the body in urine.
Maintaining the body's water and salt (electrolyte) balance and regulating the acid-base of the blood Called the excretory system |
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Urinary System - organs
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Kidneys
Ureters Bladder Urethra |
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When the body cells break down proteins and nucleic acids, what type of waste is produced and what system disposes of it?
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Nitrogen (urea in uric acid)
Urinary system |
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Reproductive System - function
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To produce offspring
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Reproductive System - organs
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Male - testes
Scrotum Penis Accessory glands and duct system Female- ovaries Duct System - Uterine tubes Uterus vagina |
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Organ Systems do not work in ______
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isolation. instead they work together to promote the well being of the entire body.
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What does the highly organized human body do?
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Maintains boundaries
Move Respond to environmental changes Take in and digest nutrients Carry out metabolism Dispose of wastes Reproduce themselves Grow |
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Maintain Boundaries
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Every cell in the human body is surrounded by an external membrane that contains its contents
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Maintain Boundaries - function
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allows needed substances in while generally preventing entry of potentially damaging or unnecessary substances.
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Maintaining Boundaries - Integumentary System
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The body as a whole is enclosed by skin. Protects internal organs from drying out, from bacteria, and from damaging effects of heat, sunlight and chemical substances in the external environment
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Movement
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All activities promoted by the muscular system. (walking etc.)
Manipulating the external environment with our fingers Propels substances (blood, urine, food) through the internal organs |
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Movement - Skeletal System
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Provides bones that the muscles pull on as they work.
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Responsiveness
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Irritability
the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then react to them. |
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Responsiveness - examples
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If you cut your hand you automatically pull your hand away
If carbon dioxide levels raise to high levels your breathing rate speeds up to blow off the excess |
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Responsiveness - organs
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Nervous system - because nerve cells are highly irritable and can communicate rapidly the nervous system bears the major responsibility for responsiveness. However all body cells are irritable to some extent
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Digestion
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Breaks down ingested food into simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood. The nutrient rich blood is distributed to all body cells by the Cardiovascular system
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Metabolism
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a broad term that refers to all chemical reactions that occur within body cells.
Depends on the digestive and respiratory and cardiovascular systems. |
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Metabolism - Function
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Breaks down complex substances into simpler building blocks, making larger structures from smaller ones, and using nutrients and oxygen to produce molecules of ATP.
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ATP
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Adenosine triphosphate - the energy rich molecules that power cellular activities.
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Metabolism is regulated by _________
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hormones secreted by the glands in the endocrine system
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Body Membranes - function
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Cover surfaces
Line Body cavities form protective (and lubircating) sheets around organs |
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Types of Membranes
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Epithelial
Connective Tissue |
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Epithelial Membranes - list
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Cutaneous
Mucous Serous |
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Connective tissue membranes - list
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Synovial membranes
generally the skin and integumentary system |
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Epithelial Membranes - also called
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covering or lining membranes
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Epithelial Membranes - about
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they all contain an epithelial sheet, however it is always combined with an underlying layer of connective tissue. They are simple organs
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Epithelial Membrane - Cutaneous membrane
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skin
The superficial epidermis is composed of a keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium. The underlying dermis is dense (fibrous connective tissue. Unlike other epithelial membranes this is exposed and dry. |
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Epithelial Membrane - Mucous Membranes
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composed of epithelium (type varies with the site) resting on loose connective tissue membrane called a lamina propria.
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Epitheilial Membrane - Mucous Membrane - location
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lines all body cavities the open to the exterior, such as those of the hollow organs of the respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive tracts
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Mucosa
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refers only to the location of the epithelial membrane not the cellular makeup, which varies.
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Most mucosae contain
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either stratified squamous epitheilim (mouth, esophagus) or simple columnar epithelium (rest of the digestive tract)
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Mucosae are
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wet or moist membranes that are almost continuously bathed in secretions or in the case of the urinary mucosae, urine
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The epithelium of mucosae is often adapted for
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absorption or secretion.
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Many mucosae secrete
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mucus but not all do.
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The mucosae of the respiratory and digestive tract secrete____________, that of the urinary tract____________.
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large amounts of protective, lubricating mucus,
does not. |
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Epithelial Membrane - Serous Membranes (Serosa)
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compose of a layer of simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue.
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Epithelial Membrane - Serous Membranes (Serosa), line_________
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body cavities that are closed to the exterior (except for the dorsal body cavity and joint cavities)
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Serous Membranes occur in
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pairs
The parietal layer Visceral layer Potential space but they tend to lie very close to each other |
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Serous Membranes - Parietal layer
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lines a specific portion of the wall of the ventral body cavity
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Serous Membranes - visceral layer
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the parietal layer folds in on itself to form it.
It covers the outside of the organs in the cavity. |
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Serous fluid
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Serous layers are separated by a scanty amount of fluid which is secreted by both membranes.
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Serous fluid allows the organs to
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slide easily across the cavity walls and one another without friction
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Connective Tissue Membranes - Synovial Membranes
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composed of soft areolar connective tissue and contain no epithelial cells at all.
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Connective Tissue Membranes - Synovial Membranes - location
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line the fibrous capsules surrounding joints and small sacs of connective tissue called bursae and tendon sheaths.
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Bursae and tendon sheaths
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cushion organs moving against each other during muscle activity - such as the movement of a tendon across a bone's surface.
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Synovial Membranes line the fibrous capsules surrounding joints where they provide a
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smooth surface and secrete a lubricating fluid.
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Excretion
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The process of removing excreta or wastes from the body produced during digestion and metabolism.
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Reproduction
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the production of offspring. On the cellular level the original cell divides producing two daughter cells that can be used for growth or repair
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Growth
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an increase in size, usually accomplished by an increase in the number of cells. For growth to occur, cell-constructing activities must occur at a faster rate then cell-destroying ones.
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Survival needs - list
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Nutrients
Oxygen Water Appropriate temperature Atmospheric pressure |
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Survival needs - Nutrients
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the body takes in through food which contains chemicals used for energy and cell building.
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Survival needs - Nutrients - types
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Carbohydrates - major energy source Proteins
Fats Minerals Vitamins |
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Survival needs - Nutrients - fats
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cushion body organs and store nutrients
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Survival needs - Nutrients - Minerals and Vitamins
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required for the chemical reactions that of on in cells and for oxygen transport in the blood.
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Survival needs - Oxygen
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required by chemical reactions that release energy from foods
is made available by respiratory and cardiovascular system |
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Survival needs - water
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60-80% of body weight
obtained from ingested food or liquid lost through evaporation from the lungs and skin body excretions |
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Survival needs - temperature
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37c or 98 f
below - metabolic reactions get slower above - chemical reactions speed up |
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Survival needs - atmospheric pressure
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for breathing, and the exchange of oxygen
At high altitude gas exchange may be too low to support cellular metabolism |
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Homeostasis
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the body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is changing.
Dynamic state of equilibrium or balance. |
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Homeostasis - communication
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endocrine and nervous system
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Homeostatic Control mechanisms
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receptor - sensor
control center - analyzes information effector - responds to control center |
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anterior body landmarks - abdominal
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anterior body trunk inferior to ribs
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anterior body landmarks - acromial
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point of shoulder
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anterior body landmarks - antebrachial
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forearm
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anterior body landmarks - antecubital
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anterior surface of the elbow
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anterior body landmarks - axillary
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armpit
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anterior body landmarks - brachial
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arm
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anterior body landmarks - buccal
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cheek area
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anterior body landmarks - carpal
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wrist
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anterior body landmarks - cervical
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neck region
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anterior body landmarks - coxal
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hip
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anterior body landmarks - crural
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leg
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anterior body landmarks - deltoid
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curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle
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anterior body landmarks - digital
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fingers and toes
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anterior body landmarks - femoral
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thigh
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anterior body landmarks - fibular
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lateral part of the leg
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anterior body landmarks - frontal
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forehead
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anterior body landmarks - inguinal
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area where thigh meets body trunk; goin
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anterior body landmarks - nasal
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nose area
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anterior body landmarks - oral
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mouth
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anterior body landmarks - orbital
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eye area
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anterior body landmarks - patellar
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anterior knee
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anterior body landmarks - pelvic
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area overlaying the pelvis anteriorly
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anterior body landmarks - pubic
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genital region
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anterior body landmarks - sternal
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breastbone area
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anterior body landmarks - tarsal
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ankle region
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anterior body landmarks - thoracic
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chest
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anterior body landmarks - umbilical
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navel
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posterior body landmarks - calcaneal
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heel of foot
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posterior body landmarks - cephalic
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head
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posterior body landmarks - femoral
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thigh
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posterior body landmarks - gluteal
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buttock
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posterior body landmarks - lumbar
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area of the back between ribs and hips
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posterior body landmarks - occipital
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posterior surface of head
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posterior body landmarks - olecranal
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posterior surface of elbow
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posterior body landmarks - popliteal
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posterior knee area
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posterior body landmarks - sacral
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area between hips
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posterior body landmarks - scapular
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shoulder blade region
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posterior body landmarks - sural
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posterior surface of lower leg; calf
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posterior body landmarks - vertebral
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area of spine
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posterior body landmarks - plantar
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sole of foot
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body planes
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Sagittal section - right and left
Frontal section - lengthwise front and back Transverse - top and bottom |
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Anterior/Ventral
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front of the body/in front of
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posterior/Dorsal
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back/behind
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supeior
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top/above
toward the head |
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inferior
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bottom/below
away from the head |
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Medial
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Toward the midline
on the inner side of |
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Lateral
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Away from the midline
The outer side of |
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Proximal
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close to the origin of the body part
the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk |
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Distal
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Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
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Superficial (external)
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toward the body surface
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Deep
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Away from the body surface
More internal |
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Dorsal Body Cavity
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Caranial cavity - brain
Spinal cavity - spinal cord |
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Ventral Body Cavity
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Thoracic cavity
Abdominoplevic cavity Pelvic cavity |
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Ventral Body Cavity - Thoracic
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lungs, heart, etc
Diaphragm Mediastinum - separates lungs into right and left cavities. contains heart, trachea, visceral organs |
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Ventral Body Cavity - abdominopelvic
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stomach, liver, intestines
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Ventral Body Cavity - pelvic
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reproductive organs
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Abdominal Cavity - umbilical region
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centermost region, deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (navel)
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Abdominal Cavity - epigastric region
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superior to the umbilical region
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Abdominal Cavity - hypogastric (pubic) region
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inferior to the umbilical region
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Abdominal Cavity - right and left iliac (inguinal) regions
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lateral to the hypogastric region
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Abdominal Cavity - right and left lumbar regions
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lateral to the umbilical region
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Abdominal Cavity - right and left hypochondriac regions
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flank the epigastric region and contain the lower ribs
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Oral and digestive cavities
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mouth, teeth, tongue, digestive organs
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Nasal cavity
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within and posterior to the nose
part of the respiratory system |
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orbital cavities
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eyes
present them in the anterior position |
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middle ear cavities
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medial to the eardrums
contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears |
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Matter
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anything that occupies space and has mass (weight)
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Chemistry studies the
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nature of matter, how its building blocks are put together and how they interact.
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States of matter
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solid
liquid gas |
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Solids such as bones
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have a definite shape and volume
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Liquids such as blood and plasma
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have definite volume but conform to the shape of their container
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Gases such as the air we breathe
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have neither a definite shape or volume
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Matter may be changed both
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physically
chemically |
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Physical changes
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do not alter the basic nature of a substance - such as ice melting, cutting food
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Chemical changes
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alter the composition of a substance often substantially - such as fermenting grapes and digestion of the food.
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energy is
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masslless and does not take up space
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Energy is measured by its
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effects on matter
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Energy is defined as
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the ability to do work or to put mater into motion
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Kinetic energy
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when energy is actually doing work (moving objects)
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Kinetic energy is displayed in
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the constant movement of the tiniest particles of matter as well as in larger objects such as a bouncing ball
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Potential energy
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when energy is inactive or stored (as in the batteries of an unused toy)
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All forms of energy exhibit both
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kinetic and potential work capacities
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matter is the __________ and energy is the ___________.
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________substance _________ mover of the substance
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Forms of energy
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Chemical energy
Electrical energy Mechanical energy Radiant energy |
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Chemical energy
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stored in the bonds of chemical substances
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When the bonds of chemical substances are broken
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the potential energy is unleashed and becomes kinetic energy
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Electrical energy results from
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the movement of charged particles.
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In your body, an electrical current is generated
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when charged particles (called ions) move across cell membranes.
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The nervous system uses electrical currents called
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nerve impulses to transmit messages from one part of the body to another.
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Mechanical energy
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energy directly involved in moving matter. (muscle movement)
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Radiant energy
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travels in waves. It is the energy of the electromagnetic spectrum. (x-rays, infrared radiation (heat energy). Light energy stimulates the retina, UV causes sunburn, stimulates the body to make Vitamin D
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