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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Dissection |
carefully cutting and separating tissues to reveal their relationships. |
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Define Gross Anatomy |
structure that can be seen with the naked eye-- whether by surface observation, radiology, or dissection. |
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Define Anatomy |
The study of structure |
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Define Physiology |
The study of function |
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Matthias Schleiden (1804-81) Theodor Schwann (1810-82) |
-Matthias Schleiden (botanist) -Theodor Schwann (zoologist) both concluded that all organisms were composed of cells. This idea became the first tenet of the cell theory. |
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Define Hypothesis |
an educated speculation or possible answer to the question. |
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What does a good hypothesis contain? |
1- Consistent with what is already known 2- Capable of being tested and possibly falsified by evidence. |
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Define Inductive method |
-prescribed by Bacon -is a process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from them -Example: what we know of anatomy is a product of inductive method. We describe the normal structure of the body based on observations of many bodies. |
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Define Sample Size |
The number of subjects (animals or people) used in a study is the sample size. An adequate sample size controls for chance events and individual variations in response and thus enables us to place more confidence in the outcome. -Example: would you rather trust your health to a drug that was tested on 5 people or one tested on 5,000? |
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Define Scientific Fact |
information that can be independently verified by any trained person. -Example: the fact than an iron deficiency leads to anemia. |
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Define Law of Nature |
a generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave. It is the result of inductive reasoning based on repeated, confirmed observations. |
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Define Theory |
is an explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses. |
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Define Evolution |
simply means change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms. |
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Define Organ |
is a structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function. Organs have a definite anatomical boundaries and are visibly distinguishable from adjacent structures. |
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Define Tissue |
a mass of similar cells and cell products that forms a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function. |
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Define cells |
are the smallest units of an organism that carry out all the basic functions of life; nothing simpler than a cell is considered alive. A cell is enclosed in a plasma membrane composed of lipids and proteins. |
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Define organelles |
are microscopic structures in a cell that carry out its individual functions. -Examples: Mitochondria, centrioles, and lysosomes. |
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Define atoms |
smallest particles with unique chemical identities. |
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Start from largest to smallest (organism to atoms) |
Organism, organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, organelles, macromolecules, molecules, atoms. |
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Define organism |
is a single, complete individual. |
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Define organ system |
a group of organs with a unique collective function, such as circulation, respiration, or digestion. |
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Label Body's Structural Hierarchy. |
Organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle, macromolecule, molecule, atom. |
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Label the diagram depicting negative feedback being used to maintain homeostasis. |
core body temperature lowers: vasoconstriction and the person shivers. core body temperature rises: vasodilation and the person sweats. |
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Label the diagram depicting positive feedback to regain homeostasis. |
1- The head of the fetus pushes agains the cervix. 2- Nerve impulses from the cervix are transmitted to the brain. 3- The brain stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete oxytocin. 4- Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and pushes the fetus toward the cervix. |
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T/F Every member of the same species has the exact same anatomical structure. |
-FALSE! Books such as this one can teach you the most common structure, the anatomy seen in about 70% or more of people. Approximately 30% of the population has an anatomical variation. |
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T/F About 90% of today's medical terms are formed from just 1,200 Greek and Latin roots. |
-TRUE! Scientific investigation began in ancient Greece and soon spread to Rome. The Greeks and Romans coined many of the words still used in human anatomy today: duodenum, uterus, prostate, cerebellum, diaphragm, sacrum, amnion, and others. In the Renaissance, the fast pace of anatomical discovery required a profusion of new terms to describe things. |
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T/F In hopes of resolving growing confusion in anatomical terminology, anatomists agreed on a list of terms titles the Nomina Anatomica (NA), which rejected all eponym and gave each structure a unique Latin name to be used worldwide. |
-TRUE! In hopes of resolving this growing confusion, anatomists began meeting as early as 1895 to devise a uniform international terminology. After several starts, they agreed on a list of terms titles the Nomina Anatomica (NA), which regjected all eponym and gave each structure a unique Latin terms as in an English-language atlas. |
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Which of the following is/are true regarding variations of human physiology? -Variation in a person's physiology is abnormal. -The physiological function of organ systems can be different due to age. -Men and women vary in their physiology. -Failure to recognize variations in physiology can lead to medical mistakes. -All human beings of the same age have the same physiological processes. |
-The physiological function of organ systems can be different due to age. -Men and women vary in their physiology -Failure to recognize variation in physiology can lead to medical mistakes. |
