Chapter 1 Anatomy & Physiology

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

Study of internal & external body structures & their physical relationships

Front 2

Physiology

Back 2

Study of how living organisms perform their vital functions

Front 3

Gross Anatomy

Back 3

Examining fairly large structures, Conducted without using a microscope

Front 4

Surface Anatomy

Back 4

Studies general form of the body's surface

Front 5

Regional Anatomy

Back 5

Studies anatomical organization of specific areas of the body

Front 6

Sectional Anatomy

Back 6

Studies relationship of the body's structures by examining cross sections of the tissue or organ

Front 7

Systemic Anatomy

Back 7

Studies structure of organ systems

Front 8

Clinical Anatomy

Back 8

Subspecialties important in clinical practice (e.g. pathological anatomy, surgical anatomy)

Front 9

Developmental Anatomy

Back 9

Studies changes in form that take place between conception and adulthood

Front 10

Embryology

Back 10

Study of early developmental processes

Front 11

Microscopic Anatomy

Back 11

Studies structures not visible without magnification

Front 12

What type of microscope can be used to examine tissue structure?

Back 12

Dissecting Microscope

Front 13

What type of microscope can be used to study basic details of cell structure?

Back 13

Light Microscope

Front 14

What type of microscope can be used to study individual molecules?

Back 14

Electron Microscope

Front 15

Cytology

Back 15

Study of the internal structure of individual cells

Front 16

Histology

Back 16

Examination of tissues

Front 17

Cell Physiology

Back 17

Study of the functions of cells

Front 18

Organ Physiology

Back 18

Study of the function of specific organs

Front 19

Systemic Physiology

Back 19

Studies aspects of the functioning of specific organ systems

Front 20

Pathological Physiology

Back 20

Study of effects of diseases on organ functions or system functions

Front 21

Signs

Back 21

Objective disease indications, such as a fever

Front 22

Symptoms

Back 22

Subjective disease indications, such as tiredness

Front 23

Scientific Method

Back 23

System of advancing knowledge by proposing a hypothesis to answer a question, and testing that hypothesis with data collected through observation & experimentation

Front 24

Chemical Level of Organization

Back 24

Atoms -- the smallest stable units of matter that can combine to form molecules

Front 25

Cellular Level of Organization

Back 25

Cells -- the smallest living units in the body

Front 26

Tissue Level of Organization

Back 26

Tissues -- group of cells working together to perform specific functions

Front 27

Organ Level of Organization

Back 27

Organs -- made of two or more tissues working together to perform specific functions

Front 28

Organ System Level of Organization

Back 28

Organ system -- group of organs interacting to perform a particular function

Front 29

Organism Level of Organization

Back 29

Organism -- an individual life form (human)

Front 30

Integumentary System: Major Organs & Functions?

Back 30

Major Organs - skin, hair, sweat glands, nails

Functions - protects against environmental hazards, helps regulate body temperature, provides sensory information

Front 31

Skeletal System: Major Organs & Functions?

Back 31

Major Organs - bones, cartilage, associated ligaments, bone marrow

Functions - provides support and protection for other tissues, stored calcium and other minerals, forms blood cells

Front 32

Muscular System: Major Organs & Functions?

Back 32

Major Organs - skeletal muscles and associated tendons

Functions - provides movement, protection and support for other tissues, generates heat that maintains body temperature

Front 33

Nervous System: Major Organs & Functions?

Back 33

Major Organs - brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs

Functions - directs immediate responses to stimuli, coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems, provides and interprets sensory information

Front 34

Endocrine System: Major Organs & Functions?

Back 34

Major Organs - pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads, endocrine tissues in other systems

Functions - directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systems, adjusts metabolic activity, controls structural/functional changes during development

Front 35

Cardiovascular System: Major Organs & Functions?

Back 35

Major Organs - heart, blood, blood vessels

Functions - distributes blood cells, water, and dissolved materials including nutrients, oxygen, waste products, and carbon dioxide, distributes heat assisting in control of body temperature

Front 36

Lymphatic System: Major Organs & Functions?

Back 36

Major Organs - spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils

Functions - defends against infection & disease, returns tissue fluids to bloodstream

Front 37

Respiratory System: Major Organs & Functions?

Back 37

Major Organs - nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli

Functions - delivers air to alveoli, provides oxygen to bloodstream, removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream, produces sounds for communication

Front 38

Digestive System: Major Organs & Functions?

Back 38

Major Organs - teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Functions - processes and digests food, absorbs and conserves water, absorbs nutrients, stores energy reserves

Front 39

Urinary System: Major Organs & Functions?

Back 39

Major Organs - kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Functions - excretes waste products from blood, controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced, stores urine, regulates blood in concentrations and pH

Front 40

Male Reproductive System: Major Organs & Functions?

Back 40

Major Organs - testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, scrotum

Functions - produces male sex cells (sperm), seminal fluids, and hormones, sexual intercourse

Front 41

Female Reproductive System: Major Organs & Functions?

Back 41

Major Organs - ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammary glands

Functions - produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones, supports developing embryo from conception to delivery, provides milk to nourish newborn infant, sexual intercourse

Front 42

Medical Terminology

Back 42

Using word roots, prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms to build terms related to the body in health and disease, many derived from Greek & Latin

Front 43

Word Roots

Back 43

Basic, meaningful parts of a term, cannot be broken down

Front 44

Prefixes

Back 44

Word elements attached to the beginning of words

Front 45

Suffixes

Back 45

Word elements attached to the end of words

Front 46

Combining Forms

Back 46

Independent words or word roots used in combination with words, prefixes, suffixes, or other combining forms to build a new term

Front 47

Eponyms

Back 47

Commemorative names named after either the discoverer or (in the case of diseases) the most famous victim

Front 48

Terminologia Anatomica

Back 48

Established the worldwide standard for human anatomical terminology

Front 49

Anatomical Landmarks

Back 49

Structures that can be felt of palpated

Front 50

Anatomical Regions

Back 50

Specific areas used for reference purposes

Front 51

Anatomical Position

Back 51

Standard anatomical reference for the human form -- hands at the sides with palms facing forward, feet together

Front 52

Supine

Back 52

Person lying down face up

Front 53

Prone

Back 53

Person lying down face down

Front 54

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Back 54

Front 55

Abdominopelvic Regions

Back 55

Front 56

Anterior

Back 56

AKA Ventral - Front of the body when viewed in anatomical position

Front 57

Posterior

Back 57

AKA Dorsal - Back of the body when viewed in anatomical position

Front 58

Left & Right

Back 58

Always refers to right & left sides of the subject, NOT the observer

Front 59

Superior

Back 59

Above; at a higher level; in the human body, toward the head

Front 60

Inferior

Back 60

Below; at a lower level; in the human body, toward the feet

Front 61

Medial

Back 61

Toward the midline

Front 62

Lateral

Back 62

Away from the midline

Front 63

Proximal

Back 63

Toward the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk

Front 64

Distal

Back 64

Away from the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk

Front 65

Cranial

Back 65

AKA Cephalic - toward the head

Front 66

Caudal

Back 66

Toward the tail (coccyx in humans)

Front 67

Section

Back 67

A slice through a three-dimensional object

Front 68

Frontal

Back 68

Forehead

Front 69

Nasal

Back 69

Nose

Front 70

Ocular

Back 70

Eye

Front 71

Orbital

Back 71

Eye

Front 72

Cephalic

Back 72

Entire Head

Front 73

Cranial

Back 73

Skull

Front 74

Facial

Back 74

Face

Front 75

Otic

Back 75

Ear

Front 76

Buccal

Back 76

Cheek

Front 77

Oral

Back 77

Mouth

Front 78

Mental

Back 78

Chin

Front 79

Cervical

Back 79

Neck

Front 80

Thoracic

Back 80

Chest

Front 81

Mammary

Back 81

Breast

Front 82

Axillary

Back 82

Armpit

Front 83

Brachial

Back 83

Arm

Front 84

Antecubital

Back 84

Front of Elbow

Front 85

Antebrachial

Back 85

Forearm

Front 86

Olecranal

Back 86

Elbow

Front 87

Carpal

Back 87

Wrist

Front 88

Palmar

Back 88

Palm of Hand

Front 89

Pollex

Back 89

Thumb

Front 90

Digits

Back 90

Fingers and Toes

Front 91

Abdominal

Back 91

Abdomen

Front 92

Umbilical

Back 92

Navel

Front 93

Pelvic

Back 93

Pelvis

Front 94

Manual

Back 94

Hand

Front 95

Acromial

Back 95

Shoulder

Front 96

Dorsal

Back 96

Back

Front 97

Lumbar

Back 97

Lower Back

Front 98

Inguinal

Back 98

Groin

Front 99

Pubic

Back 99

Pubis

Front 100

Gluteal

Back 100

Buttock

Front 101

Femoral

Back 101

Thigh

Front 102

Patellar

Back 102

Kneecap

Front 103

Popliteal

Back 103

Back of Knee

Front 104

Crural

Back 104

Leg

Front 105

Sural

Back 105

Calf

Front 106

Tarsal

Back 106

Ankle

Front 107

Pedal

Back 107

Foot

Front 108

Hallux

Back 108

Big Toe

Front 109

Plantar

Back 109

Sole of Foot

Front 110

Calcaneal

Back 110

Heel of Foot

Front 111

Frontal Plane

Back 111

AKA Coronal Plane - vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior & posterior portions

Front 112

Coronal Plane

Back 112

AKA Frontal Plane - vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior & posterior portions

Front 113

Sagittal Plane

Back 113

Vertical plane that divides the body into left & right portions

Front 114

Midsagittal Plane

Back 114

A sagittal plane that lies in the middle of the body

Front 115

Parasagittal Plane

Back 115

A sagittal plane that is offset from the middle of the body

Front 116

Transverse Plane

Back 116

Horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions

Front 117

Cross Section

Back 117

Another name for a transverse section, a cut in the transverse plane

Front 118

X-Rays

Back 118

Form of high-energy radiation that can penetrate living tissue, oldest & most common form of imaging

Front 119

Radiopacity

Back 119

Ability to stop the passage of x-rays

Front 120

Radiopaque

Back 120

Areas impenetrable to x-rays that appear light or white

Front 121

CT Scan

Back 121

Computed Tomography Scan - uses computers to reconstruct a sectional view from an x-ray source rotating around the body, shows 3D relationships and soft tissue structures

Front 122

MRI

Back 122

Magnetic Resonance Imaging - uses a magnetic field which causes particles in the body to line up in a uniform direction, energy from pulses of radio waves is absorbed & released by atoms, released energy used to create a detailed image of soft tissue structure

Front 123

PET

Back 123

Positron Emission Tomography - assesses metabolic & physiological activity of a structure

Front 124

Ultrasound

Back 124

Small transmitter contacts the skin, broadcasts brief burst of high-frequency sound, detects echoes, no adverse effects reported, safe for monitoring fetal development

Front 125

Echogram

Back 125

Picture assembles from the pattern of echoes from an ultrasound

Front 126

Spiral CT Scan

Back 126

3D imaging technology, platform advances at a steady pace through scanner, imaging source (usually x-rays) rotates continuously, detector quickly and continuously gathers data creating a higher quality image, patient exposed to less radiation than a standard CT Scanner

Front 127

True Body Cavities

Back 127

Closed, fluid filled, and lined by a thin tissue layer called a serous membrane or serosa

Front 128

Thoracic Cavity contains which Cavities?

Back 128

Two pleural cavities each surrounding a lung, the pericardial cavity surrounding the heart, and the mediastinum, a large tissue mass between the two pleural cavities

Front 129

Diaphragm

Back 129

A flat muscular sheet that separates the thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities

Front 130

Viscera

Back 130

Internal organs that are enclosed by the thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities

Front 131

Serous Membrane

Back 131

Delicate, thin tissue layer that lines the walls of body cavities & covers the surface of the enclosed viscera

Front 132

Serous Fluid

Back 132

Watery fluid that moistens serous membranes, coats opposing surfaces, and reduces friction

Front 133

Visceral Serosa

Back 133

Portion of the serous membrane that directly covers a visceral organ

Front 134

Parietal Serosa

Back 134

Portion of serous membrane that lines the inner surface of a body wall or chamber

Front 135

Pleural Cavities

Back 135

Two (left and right) cavities that surround the lungs

Front 136

Mediastinum

Back 136

Mass of connective tissue between the two pleural cavities that surrounds, stabilizes, and supports the esophagus, trachea, and thymus, as well as major blood vessels that originate and end at the heart

Front 137

Pleura

Back 137

The serous membrane lining a pleural cavity, reduces friction as the lung expands and recoils during breathing

Front 138

Pericardial Cavity

Back 138

A small chamber that surrounds the heart that is contained within the mediastinum

Front 139

Pericardium

Back 139

Serous membrane that lines the pericardial cavity

Front 140

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Back 140

Cavity that extends from the diaphragm to the pelvis, subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities

Front 141

Peritoneal Cavity

Back 141

A potential space within the abdominopelvic cavity that is lined by a serous membrane known as the peritoneum

Front 142

Peritoneum

Back 142

Serous membrane lining the peritoneal cavity that allows organs of the digestive system to slide across one another without causing damage

Front 143

Abdominal Cavity

Back 143

Extends from diaphragm to superior margins of pelvis, contains liver, stomach, spleen, small intestine, and most of the large intestine, organs are partially or completely enclosed by the peritoneal cavity

Front 144

Retroperitoneal

Back 144

Organs, such as the kidneys and pancreas, that lie between the peritoneal cavity and the muscular wall of the abdominal cavity

Front 145

Pelvic Cavity

Back 145

Inferior to abdominal cavity, bones of pelvis form the walls, layer of muscle forms its floor, contains urinary bladder, various reproductive organs, and the distal portion of the large intestine, and the inferior portion of the peritoneal cavity

Front 146

Infraperitoneal

Back 146

Organs that extend inferior to the peritoneal cavity such as the urinary bladder and distal portions of the ureters and large intestine

Front 147

Dorsal Body Cavity

Back 147

Internal chamber of skull (cranial cavity) and spaces enclosed by vertebrae (vertebral cavity) that are defined by bony structures and are anatomically and embryologically distinct from true body cavities

Front 148

Homeostasis

Back 148

The existence of a stable internal environment

Front 149

Homeostatic Regulation

Back 149

Adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis

Front 150

Autoregulation

Back 150

Process that occurs when a cell, tissue, organ, or organ system adjusts in response to some environmental change

Front 151

Extrinsic Regulation

Back 151

Process that results from the activities of the nervous system or endocrine system

Front 152

Receptor

Back 152

Sensor that is sensitive to a particular stimulus or environmental change

Front 153

Control Center

Back 153

Receives & processes information supplied by receptors & sends out commands

Front 154

Effector

Back 154

Cell or organ that responds to commands of control center resulting in activity that either opposes or enhances the stimulus

Front 155

Negative Feedback

Back 155

Keeps variation in key body systems within range, the effector activated by the control center negates or opposes the original stimulus

Front 156

Positive Feedback

Back 156

An initial stimulus produces a response that amplifies or enhances the original change in conditions

Front 157

Positive Feedback Loop

Back 157

Escalating cycle of positive feedback typically found when a potentially dangerous or stressful process must be completed quickly to restore homeostasis

Examples: cut resulting in blood loss causing clotting, labor and delivery

Front 158

State of Equilibrium

Back 158

Exists when opposing processes or forces are in balance

Front 159

Dynamic Equilibrium

Back 159

Physiological systems are continually adjusting to changing conditions

Front 160

Right/Left Lateral Recumbent

Back 160

Laying on right or left side

Front 161

Coelom

Back 161

Ventral body cavity divided into thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity