Anatomy And Physiology (1)

Front 1

Proximal/distal

Back 1

along a limb (towards or away)

Front 2

Rostral/caudal

Back 2

toward head or butt

Front 3

Example of loose connective tissue

Back 3

adipose

Front 4

Types of connective tissue

Back 4

loose and dense

Front 5

Types of proper dense connective tissue

Back 5

white fibrous (tendons) and yellow (lungs)

Front 6

Types of supportive dense connective tissue

Back 6

cartilage (yellow and fibrous) and bone

Front 7

Example of yellow and fibrous cartilage

Back 7

fibrous: between knee or vertebrae

yellow: nose, ear, epiglottis

Front 8

Synovial (diarthrodial) joint

Back 8

high mobility (knee or jaw)

Front 9

Cartilaginous (amphiarthrodial) joint

Back 9

limited mobility (between vertebrae)

Front 10

Fibrous (synarthrodial) joint

Back 10

almost no mobility (joining pieces of the skull)

Front 11

Agonist, antagonist, synergist

Back 11

1. moves structure

2. resists movement

3. stabilizes or optimizes movement

Front 12

What do the following become:

1. ectoderm

2. endoderm

3. mesoderm

Back 12

1. nervous system, mucous membrane, and skin

2. digestive track and lungs

3.bones, muscles,connective tissues, and blood vessels

Front 13

Teratogen

Back 13

chemical or environmental factors that cause birth defects

Front 14

I: mandibular arch

II: hyoid arch

III: major horns or hyoid

IV: thyroid cartilage

V: arytenoid cartilage

Back 14

I: malleus, incus, and mandible

II: body hyoid bone and stapes

III:

IV:

V: opens and closes vocal folds

Front 15

What forms during weeks 8-9 and 9-10 in pregnancy?

Back 15

Hard palate then soft palate (when do they form?)

Front 16

When does myelination of the spinal cord occur?

Back 16

2nd trimester (what forms in this period?)

Front 17

Where is the AP triggered?

Back 17

axon hillock

Front 18

3 types of neurons

Back 18

unipolar, bipolar, multipolar

Front 19

3 types of glial cells

Back 19

astrocytes, myelin, microglia

Front 20

What do astrocytes do?

Back 20

physical/nutritional support, produce glialtransmitters

Front 21

What do myelin do?

Back 21

sheathing and insulation (oligodendrocytes and schwann cells)

Front 22

What do microglia do?

Back 22

ingests and destroys foreign material (garbage men of brain)

Front 23

Afferent vs. Efferent

Back 23

towards brain vs. away from brain

Front 24

Excitatory vs. inhibitory

Back 24

Increase probability of AP/voltage in cell vs. decrease probability of AP/voltage in cell

Front 25

What does a Na+ pump do?

Back 25

Maintain negative polarity in cell

Front 26

Intercellular potential

Critical threshold

Highest voltage

Back 26

-70mV, (-55)-(-50)mV, +30mV

Front 27

3 stages of AP

Back 27

depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization

Front 28

Absolute and relative refractory period

Back 28

impossible to trigger another AP, very difficult to trigger another AP

Front 29

Saltatory conduction

Back 29

increases speed of propagation of AP down axon

Front 30

3 stages of neurochemical communication

Back 30

presynapse, synapse, postsynapse

Front 31

How are AP kept at rest?

Back 31

they are voltage gated

Front 32

Smallest functional unit of a muscle

Back 32

sarcomere

Front 33

Gray vs. white matter

Back 33

brain vs. axons wrapped in sheathing

Front 34

grouping of cells inside and outside the cortex

Back 34

nuclei and ganglium

Front 35

4 brain lobes and what separates them

Back 35

frontal

parietal ^ separated by central sulcus

occipital

temporal (lateral sulcus)

Front 36

Brodmann areas of:

primary somatosensory cortex

primary motor cortex

broca's area

werenicke's area

primary auditory cortex

Back 36

BA:

1, 2, 3

4

44, 45

22, 39, 40

41, 42

Front 37

Association fibers

Back 37

within hemisphere communication

Ex: arcuate fasciculus - connects broca's area to werenicke's area

Front 38

Commissural fibers

Back 38

between hemisphere communication

Ex: corpus callosum

Front 39

Projection fibers

Back 39

between distinct area communication

Ex: corona radiata and internal capsule

Front 40

3 types of corticospinal tracts

Back 40

ipsilateral (same side)

contralateral (opposite side)

bilateral (both sides)

Front 41

Dorsal horn vs. ventral horn

Back 41

receives information vs. sends information

Front 42

Roles of 4 lobes

Back 42

F: motor control, judgement, problem solving

P: primary sensory area

O: helps process visual information

T: processes sound, location of language center

Front 43

Names of cranial nerves:

V

VII

VIII

IX

X

XII

Back 43

trigeminal

facial

acoustic (auditory vestibular)

glossopharyngeal

vagus

hypoglossal

Front 44

Functions of cranial nerves:

V

VII

VIII

IX

X

XII

Back 44

movement of mandible (sensory and motor)

muscles of facial expression, tongue/pharynx (sensory and motor)

hearing and balance (sensory)

swallowing, pharynx/tongue (sensory and motor)

tongue movement (motor)

Front 45

Blastocyst

Back 45

Polar mass forms (within 6-7 days)

Front 46

Neural tube

Back 46

precursor to CNS (brain and spinal cord)