American History H: Chapter 9

Front 1

A magazine editor named ____ _____ _________ declared that the movement west was ________ _______—the idea that God had given the continent to Americans and wanted them to settle western lands

Back 1

John Louis O’Sullivan; Manifest Destiny

Front 2

The first settlers west of the Appalachians were ________, because they settled on lands they did not own

Back 2

squatters

Front 3

In 1837 ____ _____ designed a plow with sharp-edged steel blades that cut cleanly through the tough Midwestern sod. In 1834 _____ _________ patented the mechanical reaper

Back 3

John Deere; Cyrus McCormick

Front 4

Mountain men, such as ___ ______ and ___ _______, made their living by trapping beaver and selling the furs to traders. By the 1840s, the mountain men had carved out several east-west passages, such as the ______ _____. These trails were very important to the settlement of the West

Back 4

Kit Carson and Jim Bridger; Oregon Trail

Front 5

In 1844 a mob murdered the Mormon leader Joseph Smith. _______ _____, the new leader of the Mormons, decided to take his people west in search of religious freedom

Back 5

Brigham Young

Front 6

Several thousand Mormons emigrated on the ______ _____. In 1847 the Mormons stopped at the Great Salt Lake to build their new settlement

Back 6

Mormon Trail

Front 7

_____ was under Mexican control after Mexico achieved independence from Spain in 1821

Back 7

Texas

Front 8

Most American emigrants to Texas came at the encouragement of ___________—a Spanish word for “agents.” Stephen Austin, the first and most successful Empresario

Back 8

empresarios

Front 9

In 1830 Mexico closed its borders to immigration by _________. The government also banned the import of enslaved labor and discouraged trade with the United States. These new laws angered settlers

Back 9

Americans

Front 10

Stephen Austin persuaded Mexican President _______ _____ __ _____ ____ to agree to lift the immigration ban and other demands

Back 10

Antonio Lópezde Santa Anna

Front 11

In April 1834, Santa Anna denounced the _______ ____________ and made himself dictator. Austin urged Texans to organize an army, since he foresaw war with Mexico

Back 11

Mexican Constitution

Front 12

___ _______, a former governor of Tennessee and an experienced military leader, took command of the Texas army

Back 12

Sam Houston

Front 13

When Santa Anna and his forces came to San Antonio in February 1836, over 180 Texan rebels were at the _____, an abandoned mission inside the town. The small force, commanded by _______ _ ______ and joined by 32 settlers, held off Santa Anna’s army for 13 days. During this time, the new Texas government declared independence from Mexico. On March 6, 1836, Santa Anna’s army defeated the Texans at the Alamo

Back 13

Alamo; William B. Travis

Front 14

At the Battle of San Jacinto, Sam Houston and his Texas troops launched a surprise attack on the Mexican army. The Texan forces easily beat the Mexican army. They captured Santa Anna, who was forced to sign a treaty recognizing independence for the ________ __ _____

Back 14

Republic of Texas

Front 15

In September 1836, Sam Houston was elected president of the Republic of Texas. The citizens of Texas also voted for _________—to become part of the United States

Back 15

annexation

Front 16

President ____ _____ wanted to bring Texas into the Union

Back 16

John Tyler

Front 17

President Polk said that the United States had a right to Oregon. Those who supported this stand on Oregon used the slogan “_____-____ _____ __ _____.”

Back 17

Fifty-four Forty or Fight

Front 18

In November 1845, ____ _______ was sent to Mexico City to purchase California. Mexico’s president refused to meet with Slidell

Back 18

John Slidell

Front 19

After Mexico refused to discuss the U.S. purchase of California, President Polk ordered troops led by General _______ _____ to cross the Nueces River. Polk declared war with Mexico

Back 19

Zachary Taylor

Front 20

In northern California, settlers led by General ____ _ _______ had little trouble overcoming the Mexican presence there. On June 14, 1846, the settlers declared California independent from Mexico. They called the region the ____ ____ ________

Back 20

John C. Frémont; Bear Flag Republic

Front 21

President Polk replaced Taylor with General ________ _____ and sent him and his troops to capture Mexico City

Back 21

Winfield Scott

Front 22

On February 2, 1848, the leaders signed the ______ __ _________ _______. In this treaty, Mexico _____, or gave up, more than 500,000 square miles of land to the U.S. The land is now the states of California, Utah, and Nevada, as well as most of New Mexico and Arizona, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming. Mexico agreed to the Rio Grande as the southern border of Texas

Back 22

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo; ceded