American History H: Chapter 4 - Section 3

Front 1

General _______ ____ was the commander of a disciplined, well trained, and well equipped British army.

Back 1

William Howe

Front 2

The ___________ ____ was inexperienced, poorly equipped, and had difficulty keeping soldiers

Back 2

Continental Army

Front 3

The Continental Congress lacked the power to tax, so it had a difficult time paying for the war. A wealthy Pennsylvania merchant, ______ ______, pledged large sums of money to the war effort

Back 3

Robert Morris

Front 4

The British forces had to fight the Continental Army and local militias. These militias often used _________ _______, in which they hid among trees and behind walls and then ambushed the British troops.

Back 4

guerrilla warfare

Front 5

In order to win, the British had to convince Americans that the war was a hopeless cause and to make it safe for them to surrender. General Howe’s strategy had two parts:

Back 5

- to build up a massive military to intimidate the Americans
- to invite delegates from the Continental Congress to a peace conference

Front 6

George Washington’s troops showed their inexperience by fleeing when British troops landed on Long Island in 1776. The British moved slowly, allowing the surviving American troops time to escape to Manhattan Island. The British captured ___ ____ ____, which became their headquarters for the rest of the war.

Back 6

New York City

Front 7

Disguised as a Dutch schoolteacher, American Captain ______ ____ was sent to spy on the British. He was caught and hanged by the British. His last words were “I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.”

Back 7

Nathan Hale

Front 8

The British troops forced Washington and his troops to retreat at the ______ __ _____ ______ in October 1776

Back 8

Battle of White Plains

Front 9

______ _____ wrote the pamphlet American Crisis to help boost American morale

Back 9

Thomas Paine

Front 10

George Washington planned unexpected winter attacks against the British troops at _______ and _________, New Jersey. Washington and his troops won the attacks and then headed into the hills of northern New Jersey for the remainder of winter

Back 10

Trenton and Princeton

Front 11

In 1777 King George III approved a plan developed by _______ ____ ________ to isolate New England from the other American states. The British, however, did not coordinate their efforts, and the three-pronged attack on New York was a failure

Back 11

General John Burgoyne

Front 12

On September 11, 1777, British General Howe’s troops defeated Washington at the ______ __ __________ _____ and captured Philadelphia. The Continental Congress, which he had hoped to capture, had escaped. Howe had failed to destroy the Continental Army, which camped at ______ _____ for the winter.

Back 12

Battle of Brandywine Creek; Valley Forge

Front 13

Brutal conditions at Valley Forge did not stop Washington from training his army. European military officers, _______ __ _________ from France and Baron Friedrich von Steuban from Prussia, helped Washington increase morale and improve discipline among the American troops.

Back 13

Marquis de Lafayette

Front 14

General Burgoyne surrendered at ________, and over 5,000 British troops were taken prisoner. The American victory was a turning point because it improved American morale and convinced France to send troops to the American cause

Back 14

Saratoga

Front 15

In February 1778, Americans signed two treaties with ______. As a result of the treaties, France became the first country to recognize the United States as an __________ ______, and the United States and France formed an alliance

Back 15

France; independent nation

Front 16

By February 1779, the British in the West surrendered to Patriot ______ ______ _____, giving the United States control of the region

Back 16

George Rogers Clark

Front 17

Chief Joseph Brant convinced four ________ nations to help the British.

Back 17

Iroquois

Front 18

The ________ attacked settlers in Virginia and North Carolina. By 1780 American militias had burned hundreds of ________ towns

Back 18

Cherokee

Front 19

American warships attacked British merchant ships to disrupt trade. Congress began issuing _______ __ ______, or licenses, to private ship owners authorizing them to attack British merchant ships. The cargo seized by privateers seriously hurt Britain’s trade and economy

Back 19

letters of marque

Front 20

An American naval officer, ____ ____ _____, was involved in the most famous naval battle of the war

Back 20

John Paul Jones

Front 21

After being defeated at Saratoga, the British focused their attention on the South where they felt they had the strongest _________ support

Back 21

Loyalist

Front 22

In December 1778, British troops captured ________, _______, and returned _______ to British power

Back 22

Savannah, Georgia

Front 23

British General Henry Clinton was sent to capture Charles Town, South Carolina. It became the greatest American defeat as British troops surrounded the town, trapping the American forces. _______ _______ __________ took over for Clinton

Back 23

General Charles Cornwallis

Front 24

Loyalist troops commanded by two British cavalry officers were known for brutal attacks. The Loyalists troops went too far when they tried subduing people in the Appalachian Mountains. Americans in this region formed a militia force. The militia intercepted the Loyalist forces at the ______ __ _____ ________. The militia destroyed the Loyalist army. This battle was a turning point in the South. Southern farmers began organizing their own militia forces.

Back 24

Battle of Kings Mountain

Front 25

American commander General Nathaniel Greene organized the militia in the South into small units to carry out hit-and-run raids against British camps and supply wagons. “Swamp Fox” _______ ______ led the most famous of these units

Back 25

Francis Marion

Front 26

In the spring of 1781, the British invaded Virginia, hoping to keep control of the South. British General Cornwallis and his forces linked up with British commander Benedict Arnold (formerly an American commander) to conquer Virginia. In June 1781,
American General _______ _____ and his troops forced Cornwallis to retreat to Yorktown.

Back 26

Anthony Wayne

Front 27

In March 1792, Parliament voted to begin peace negotiations. The ______ __ _____ was signed on September 3, 1783. In the treaty, the British recognized the United States as a new nation with the Mississippi River as its western border. Britain gave Florida back to Spain. The French received colonies in Africa and the Caribbean

Back 27

Treaty of Paris