American History H: Chapter 2

Front 1

In 1519 the Spanish government asked ______ ______ to lead an expedition to the Yucatán Peninsula to find new people who could be forced to work on the farms and Mines of Cuba. He also wanted to investigate reports of a wealthy civilization there

Back 1

Hernán Cortés

Front 2

Equipped with ______, _________, ____, and _______, the Spanish had a technological advantage over the people they encountered in the Yucatán Peninsula

Back 2

swords, crossbows, guns, and cannons

Front 3

After learning that the Aztec were at war with many groups in the region, Cortés recruited the help of the _________ people against the Aztec.

Back 3

Tlaxcalan

Front 4

Montezuma, the Aztec leader, failed to stop the Spanish
advance, and Cortés marched into ____________, the capital of the Aztec empire

Back 4

Tenochtitlán

Front 5

After destroying Tenochtitlán, Cortés ordered a new city, named ______, to be built in its place

Back 5

Mexico

Front 6

Mexico became the capital of the Spanish colony of ___ _____

Back 6

New Spain

Front 7

Cortés sent other expeditions into what is present-day ______ and _______ _______

Back 7

Mexico and Central America

Front 8

The people who led the expeditions became known as
_____________, or “__________.”

Back 8

conquistadors; conquerors

Front 9

One conquistador, _________ _______, explored Peru and conquered the Inca empire

Back 9

Francisco Pizarro

Front 10

The Spanish gave the name ___ _____ to the territory north of New Spain

Back 10

New Mexico

Front 11

They built ________, or forts, throughout the region as trading posts and protection for the settlers

Back 11

presidios

Front 12

Spanish priests also built missions throughout the region to spread the Christian faith among the ______ ________ ______ there

Back 12

Native American people

Front 13

A person’s position in society was determined by _____, ______, and _________

Back 13

birth, income, and education

Front 14

The highest level of society consisted of the ____________. Below this level were the ________. Next were the _______. The lowest level of society included ______ _________, ________, and people mixed of _______ and _______ or _______ and ______ ________ ancestry

Back 14

peninsulares; criollos; mestizos; Native Americans, Africans; Spanish and African or African and Native American

Front 15

In 1524 the French king sent ________ __ _________ to map the North American coastline

Back 15

Giovanni da Verrazano

Front 16

The king was interested in finding the _________ _______

Back 16

Northwest Passage

Front 17

_______ _______ discovered and mapped the St. Lawrence River

Back 17

Jacques Cartier

Front 18

In 1663 ___ ______ became a royal colony

Back 18

New France

Front 19

_____ ______ and _______ _________ explored the Mississippi River. ____-______ ________ __ __ _____ then followed the river to the Gulf of Mexico and claimed the region, which he named Louisiana, for France

Back 19

Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette; René-Robert Cavelier de La Salle

Front 20

In England the Reformation involved a disagreement between King Henry VIII and the pope, who refused to annul the king’s marriage. The king then broke with the Church and declared himself the head of the ________ ______

Back 20

Anglican Church

Front 21

The English merchants needed new markets for their surplus wool. Many organized _____ _____ _________, pooling the money of many investors for large projects, such as establishing colonies

Back 21

joint-stock companies

Front 22

After England emerged as the leading Protestant power and Spain the leading Catholic power, the two countries became _______

Back 22

enemies

Front 23

When the Spanish tried to check the spread of Protestantism in the Netherlands, which was part of the Spanish empire, the _____ rebelled

Back 23

Dutch

Front 24

____ _____, a Jamestown colonist, developed a strain of tobacco that was marketable in England. The _________ settlers soon began growing large quantities of tobacco for profit.

Back 24

John Rolfe; Jamestown

Front 25

To attract more settlers to Jamestown, the Virginia Company gave the colony the right to elect its own _______ _________. The elected representatives were called _________, and the legislative body was called the _____ __ _________

Back 25

general assembly; burgesses; House of Burgesses

Front 26

The Virginia Company also introduced the system of __________. Under this system, new settlers who bought a share in the company or paid for their passage were granted 50 acres. They received more land for each family member or servant they brought to Virginia

Back 26

headrights

Front 27

Catholics were persecuted in _______ for their beliefs

Back 27

England

Front 28

____ _________, a Catholic member of Parliament, decided to found a colony in America where Catholics could practice their religion without persecution

Back 28

Lord Baltimore

Front 29

In 1608 one group of Separatists, who became known as Pilgrims, fled to _______. Unhappy there, they decided to immigrate to America.

Back 29

Holland

Front 30

The Pilgrims set sail for America on the _________ in 1620 and settled in ________, near Massachusetts Bay

Back 30

Mayflower; Plymouth

Front 31

Under the leadership of William Bradford, the Pilgrims began constructing homes immediately after their arrival. A plague swept through the colony, killing many settlers. The remaining settlers survived in large part because of the assistance of a Native American named _______, who taught them how to use the environment to meet their needs

Back 31

Squanto

Front 32

A depression in England’s wool industry caused high unemployment, particularly among Puritans. John Winthrop and other wealthy Puritans held stock in the Massachusetts Bay Company, which had received a charter from King Charles to establish a colony in ___ _______

Back 32

New England

Front 33

Roger Williams, a strict Separatist, challenged Puritan authority in Massachusetts. In 1635 the General Court banned him from the colony. Williams headed south, where he founded the town of __________. The government there had no authority in religious matters, and religious differences were tolerated.

Back 33

Providence

Front 34

Anne Hutchinson was declared a heretic and banished from Massachusetts for her challenge of Puritan practices. She and her followers also headed south and founded the town of __________

Back 34

Portsmouth

Front 35

________ ______ ______ opposed the Massachusetts government’s policy of allowing only church members to vote.

Back 35

Reverend Thomas Hooker

Front 36

Reverend Thomas Hooker and his followers left Massachusetts and founded the town of ________, in the Connecticut River valley.

Back 36

Hartford

Front 37

Hartford and two other towns in the region joined together to create their own General Court. They adopted a constitution known as the ___________ ______ __ ___________— the first written constitution of the American colonies

Back 37

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Front 38

Conflicts between Charles I and the English Parliament intensified when the king sent troops into Parliament to arrest several Puritan leaders. Parliament, with mostly Puritan members, then organized its own army, and the English Civil War began. The Parliament’s army defeated and captured the king in 1646. ______ ________, the head of Parliament’s army, disbanded Parliament and seized power for himself

Back 38

Oliver Cromwell

Front 39

Maryland’s governor and proprietor supported the king against Parliament, which led to a Protestant rebellion in that colony. To appease the Protestants, Lord Baltimore appointed a Protestant governor and enacted the ________ __________ ___. The act, which was intended to protect the Catholic minority from the Protestants, granted religious toleration to all Christians

Back 39

Maryland Toleration Act

Front 40

In 1609 Dutch merchants hired an English navigator named Henry Hudson to find a route through North America to the Pacific. Hudson explored the Hudson River valley, and the merchants claimed the region for the Dutch, calling it ___ __________. The Dutch established New Amsterdam, their major settlement, on Manhattan Island

Back 40

New Netherland

Front 41

Because fur trade was the major activity in New Netherland, the colony grew slowly. To increase the colony’s population, the Dutch opened settlement in the colony to anyone who wanted to buy land there. By 1664 the colony consisted of more than 10,000 people from many parts of Europe. ________ ________ arrived in New Netherland in the 1620s.

Back 41

Enslaved Africans

Front 42

In 1680 William Penn, a friend of King Charles II and a Quaker, received a land grant between ___ _____ and ________. Penn intended this land as a refuge for Quakers, who were persecuted for their beliefs by the government and others

Back 42

New York and Maryland

Front 43

Quakers believed that religion was a personal experience that did not need churches or ministers. They objected to all political and religious authority and advocated ________—opposition to war or violence as a means of resolving conflict

Back 43

pacifism

Front 44

_____ __________ started the colony of Georgia. He established the colony as a place for English debtors to start over rather than to be imprisoned for their debts. The colony attracted settlers from all over Europe. Georgia became a royal colony in the mid-1700s, when control of the colony reverted back to the king

Back 44

James Oglethorpe