American History H: Chapter 3

Front 1

_______ became the South’s first successful cash crop, or crop grown primarily for market. It was the main cash crop of ________ and ________.

Back 1

Tobacco; Virginia and Maryland

Front 2

____ and ______ were the main cash crops of South Carolina.

Back 2

Rice and indigo

Front 3

To be profitable, farmers had to grow large quantities of tobacco. Growing tobacco required intensive manual labor. As a result, farmers needed a _____ _________ to cultivate the crop.

Back 3

large workforce

Front 4

The geography of the __________ ___ ______ was well-suited for growing tobacco. Farmers used the many rivers connected to the bay to ship their crop.

Back 4

Chesapeake Bay region

Front 5

By the 1690s, planters in South Carolina imported ________ ________ to cultivate rice, which rapidly became a major cash crop

Back 5

enslaved Africans

Front 6

In the early 1740s, _____ _____ discovered that indigo grew well on land unsuitable for rice. Indigo soon became another important cash crop.

Back 6

Eliza Lucas

Front 7

The plantation system created a society with distinct social classes. The wealthy landowners were referred to as the ________ ______ or planter elite. They were influential in both the politics and economy of the region.

Back 7

Southern gentry

Front 8

By the late 1600s, the South was a sharply divided society. At the top were the _______ _____. At the bottom were the:

Back 8

wealthy elite; backcountry farmers, landless tenant farmers, and servants and enslaved Africans

Front 9

Bacon’s Rebellion illustrated to Virginia’s wealthy planters that in order to keep Virginia society stable, ___________ _______ needed to have land available to them

Back 9

backcountry farmers

Front 10

the English government adopted policies that encouraged slavery. In 1672 it granted a charter to the _____ _______ _______ to engage in the slave trade.

Back 10

Royal African Company

Front 11

By 1870 between 10 and 12 million Africans were forcibly taken from West Africa and transported across the Atlantic to America on a journey that Europeans called the ______ _______.

Back 11

Middle Passage

Front 12

The first Africans to arrive in Virginia in 1619 were treated as __________ ________.

Back 12

indentured servants

Front 13

Their status began to change as the number of Africans increased. In 1638 ________ became the first colony to recognize slavery. In 1705 ________ enacted a slave code—a set of laws that regulated slavery and defined the relationship between enslaved Africans and free people

Back 13

Maryland; Virginia

Front 14

New England’s geography was unsuitable for large plantations and the raising of cash crops. As a result, New England farmers practiced ___________ _______. The main crop grown in the New England Colonies was ____

Back 14

subsistence farming; corn

Front 15

New England was located near the _____ _____, a shallow region in the Atlantic Ocean where the mixing of the warm Gulf Stream and the cold North Atlantic produced a favorable environment for plankton—an important food supply for many types of fish and whales

Back 15

Grand Banks

Front 16

The _____ ______ was abundant with a variety of fish, which contributed to making fishing the main industry in New England. Whaling was also an important industry.

Back 16

Grand Banks

Front 17

Voting was limited to men who owned property. They elected __________ to manage the town’s affairs

Back 17

selectmen

Front 18

The Caribbean was a market for New England’s fish and lumber. In exchange for these products, New England merchants received ___ _____ or _____ __ ________

Back 18

raw sugar or bills of exchange

Front 19

made up nearly half of the urban population of colonial America

Back 19

Artisans

Front 20

People without ______ or ________ made up the next-to-lowest level of urban society. At the bottom were indentured servants and enslaved Africans.

Back 20

skills or property

Front 21

The Middle Colonies contained some of North America’s most fertile farmland. Most farmers produced surplus crops that they could sell for profit. _____ became the region’s most important cash crop

Back 21

Wheat

Front 22

During the early 1700s, Europe experienced a population explosion. The explosion created a huge demand for wheat to feed the booming population. The demand caused _____ prices to soar, making the Middle Colonies prosperous

Back 22

wheat

Front 23

Distinct social classes developed in the Middle Colonies. ______ _____________ were at the top. In the middle were _______ who owned small farms. At the bottom were ________ _______ who rented land or who worked for wages

Back 23

Wealthy entrepreneurs; farmers; landless workers

Front 24

_____________ believed that a country’s wealth was measured by the amount of gold and silver it possessed. They believed that having a greater number of exports than imports would result in more gold and silver flowing into the country

Back 24

Mercantilists

Front 25

Mercantilists also believed that a country should _________ ________ in order to be self sufficient in raw materials. The home country would then sell its manufactured goods to the colonies

Back 25

establish colonies

Front 26

When ____ _______ __ assumed the throne, he was determined to generate wealth by regulating trade in the American colonies

Back 26

King Charles II

Front 27

In 1660 Parliament passed a __________ ___ that required all goods imported or exported from the colonies to be transported on English ships. The act also listed specific raw materials that the colonies could sell only to England. The list included most of the products that were profitable for the colonies.

Back 27

navigation act

Front 28

The Navigation Acts angered colonial merchants, who in most cases broke the new laws. English officials discovered that merchants in Massachusetts ignored the Navigation Acts and smuggled their goods to Europe, the Caribbean, and Africa. King Charles II responded to Massachusetts’s refusal to observe the laws by withdrawing the colony’s charter and making it a _____ ______.

Back 28

royal colony

Front 29

____ _____ __, who succeeded Charles to the throne, revoked the charters of Connecticut and Rhode Island and merged them with Massachusetts and Plymouth to create a royal province called the Dominion of New England

Back 29

King James II

Front 30

Many people in England opposed King James II. The king often refused the advice of Parliament and openly practiced ___________. Parliament leaders feared another civil war.

Back 30

Catholicism

Front 31

James’s Protestant daughter Mary and her husband, William, were to succeed James on the throne. However, James’s second wife gave birth to a son, and he became the heir and would be raised ________

Back 31

Catholic

Front 32

Parliament was unwilling to have a Catholic dynasty, so it asked William and Mary to assume the throne. When William arrived, James fled, and William became king. This bloodless change of power became known as the ________ __________

Back 32

Glorious Revolution

Front 33

Parliament established the _______ ____ __ ______, which limited the powers of the king and listed the rights that Parliament and English citizens were guaranteed

Back 33

English Bill of Rights

Front 34

The English Bill of Rights would become incorporated into the ________ ____ __ ______

Back 34

American Bill of Rights

Front 35

After King James II was dethroned, an uprising occurred in Boston, and Governor Andros was ousted. The new monarchs reinstated Rhode Island’s and Connecticut’s previous form of __________. Massachusetts received a new charter, which combined the _____________ ___ ______, ________ ______, and _____ into the royal colony of Massachusetts

Back 35

government; Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth Colony, and Maine

Front 36

John Locke, a political philosopher, wrote a book entitled ___ _________ __ __________.

Back 36

Two Treatises on Government

Front 37

Colonists often suffered from a variety of diseases. ______ ______ conducted a successful experimental treatment to prevent smallpox by inoculating people against the disease

Back 37

Cotton Mather

Front 38

A large group of German immigrants arrived in Pennsylvania looking for religious freedom. These immigrants became known as the ____________ _____, and many became prosperous farmers.

Back 38

Pennsylvania Dutch

Front 39

Whites used brutal means and persuasion to maintain authority over the enslaved Africans. The Africans developed several ways to fight against slavery. Some employed passive resistance, such as work slowdowns; some managed to escape. Sometimes groups of enslaved Africans banded together to resist the slaveholders. In the _____ _________ in South Carolina, Africans attacked white slaveholders. The local militia ended the rebellion, killing between 30 and 40 of the Africans

Back 39

Stono Rebellion

Front 40

The ___________ was a European cultural movement. It challenged the authority of the church in science and philosophy and elevated the power of human reason.

Back 40

Enlightenment

Front 41

The emphasis on logic and reasoning was known as ___________

Back 41

rationalism

Front 42

____ _____ was an influential Enlightenment writer. He argued that all people had rights, and that society can be improved

Back 42

John Locke

Front 43

French thinker ____ _______ ________ argued that a government and its laws should be created by consent of the people

Back 43

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Front 44

_____ ____________, another influential Enlightenment writer, argued that to protect people’s liberties, a government should be separated into different branches to provide checks and balances against one another

Back 44

Baron Montesquieu

Front 45

Many American colonists in the 1700s turned to a religious movement called _______, which stressed an individual’s devoutness and emotional union with God.

Back 45

pietism

Front 46

Ministers spread pietism through ________, large public meetings for preaching and prayer

Back 46

revivals

Front 47

This revival of religious feelings became known as the _____ _________

Back 47

Great Awakening

Front 48

________ _______ and ______ __________ were two important preachers of the Great Awakening

Back 48

Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield