Pulmonary vein

of patients never complete the PR program once started (Hayton, Clark, Olive, Browne, & Galey, 2013). Explaining the difficulties of rural healthcare access Holland, Mahl, Lee & Burge (2016) state: Despite compelling evidence for its benefits, pulmonary rehabilitation is delivered to fewer than 10% of the people with COPD who would benefit. Access is particularly challenging in rural settings, where COPD is often prevalent and programmes may…

Tests for COPD include; Spirometry, Bronchodilator Reversibility, Chest X-ray, Computed Tomography, and Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency Testing.  Spirometry helps tell how well your lungs are working. During this test, the patient will sit down and into a spirometer which evaluates how much is breathed in and out over the course of a minute and how much air is left in your lungs.  Bronchodilator Reversibility test is the same as the spirometry test except the patient is given a bronchodilator,…

Mrs. White’s COPD is triggered mainly by her history of cigarette smoking. The noxious substances in cigarette smoke initiate the production of Tumor Necrosis Factor-a (TNF-a) and release of inflammatory mediators by macrophages and epithelial cells. In fact, the activated cells in COPD inflammation secrete a number of mediators. These include a variety of active proteinases, toxic peptides, and oxidants which damage lung structures and sustain inflammatory processes (_____). The resulting…

Chronic Bronchitis Have you ever tried to breathe through a straw? Imagine living your entire life breathing through a straw. Individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, or COPD live that on a daily basis. COPD is a progressive disease that gets worse over time, effecting the lungs of the patients suffering from it making very difficult to breathe. Smoking is the leading cause in patients who have COPD however, an exposure over a long period of time to lung irritants has been known…

In the treatment of asthma, two drug groups are at the forefront, β2-agonists (like salbutamol) and corticosteroids. Salbutamol is a β2-agonist and a physiological antagonist of bronchoconstriction and is often prescribed in an “as required” manner in the relief of symptoms (Taylor and Hancox, 2000). Salbutamol acts on a g-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) which, through a biochemical intracellular cascade ends with activation of protein kinase A, which then phosphorylates many regulatory proteins…

diseases to be live with. The general prognosis of COPD minimize symptoms for moderate or severe patients. Signs and symptoms coughing that won't go away. Short of breath when doing activity or exercise. A tightness in the chest. Testing for COPD pulmonary function test, chest x-ray, CT scan, arteriel blood gas…

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a disorder that maintains consistent obstruction of airways and lungs. It affects approximately 10% of the population worldwide and is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States (Farver-Vestergaard et al., 2014 and Kohler et al., 2002). According to the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, COPD is caused by long-term exposure to lung irritants such as cigarette smoke, chemical fumes, and air pollution. The American Lung Association…

. Blood tests may also be used to check the white blood cell count, which can sometimes reveal an acute infection. Blood tests along with chest x-rays can be used to assess for pneumonia, bronchitis, or other respiratory infections that can make emphysema worse. Arterial blood gases are also typically ordered to help doctors determine how much oxygen and carbon dioxide are in the blood. TREATMENT Even though there is no cure for emphysema, treatments can help relieve symptoms and slow the…

and illnesses left untreated. As Brown stated in the Gallup article, smoking has a significantly negative impact on impoverished American’s health. Smoking may lead to chronic diseases such as Chronic Heart Failure (CHF), or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), which typically requires ongoing doctor’s appointments, and expensive treatments and prescriptions to control and or treat the condition. An individual living in poverty may not have the means to pay the difference of what…

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that affects millions of people in the United States. There are two types of diabetes, and type 2 is the most prevalent type at 90% of all cases. Different from type 1 diabetes, which is a complete need for insulin replacement, type 2 diabetes is caused by a resistance to insulin made by the pancreas as well as a deficiency in insulin. This resistance and deficiency is usually caused by lifestyle risk factors including body weight, diet, and…