Pulmonary vein

month ago in the emergency room. At that time chest x-ray (CXR) revealed hyperinflated lungs suggestive of emphysema. She refused to be treated in the hospital at that time, ad was sent home with an inhaler and antibiotics. She also refused the pulmonary function test. She has a history of childhood asthma, and a hysterectomy in the 1970’s. She admits to smoking one pack of cigarettes for the past 40 years. She denies any other medical issues. Currently she takes only Tylenol 650mg, 2 orally…

failure, occurs when the lungs cannot produce enough CO2, which causes blood pH to drop below 7.35 and PCO2, or partial pressure of carbon dioxide, is increased above 45 mmHg. Some causes for respiratory acidosis include airway obstruction, emphysema, pulmonary edema, and other chronic or acute lung disorders. If respiratory problems are not too extreme then the kidneys will help out with raising the blood pH by excreting H+ and reabsorbing HCO3-, this is called renal compensation. Treatments…

Subsections of the Respiratory System By Tiffany Steele There are nine subsections in the Respiratory System (J00-J99). Acute Respiratory Infections (J00-J06) is usually an acute or short-term infection, meaning it doesn’t last very long. Some of the symptoms for Acute Respiratory Infection include sore throat, sneezing, low grade fever, nasal congestion, ear pressure, nasal drainage, and cough. The usual treatment for Acute Respiratory Infections include having to monitor temperature…

Asthma is most commonly known as being a chronic condition in the US that has been known to having an effect in people young and old. It is a condition in which the airway passages are narrowed leading to symptoms of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and cough (Bijanzadeh, Mahesh, Nallur 1). In today's world there seem to be many factors that could increase the risk of children developing asthma. Those factors may include genetic predisposition, environment interaction, prenatal…

Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is caused by mutations in the serpina1 gene on chromosome 14. The serpina1 gene codes for the Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) enzyme which is a protein that protects the lungs, and is made in the liver.This deficiency occurs when there is a lack of a protein in the blood called alpha-1 antitrypsin. Without the protection of this protein, the lungs are more sepetable to be attacked by neutrophil elastase. Neutrophil elastase is an enzyme…

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is a progressive disease that makes breathing difficult. When having this disease, lung damage is produced. The disease worsens over time, although it is not treated, it can be slowed down. This is mainly caused by smoking, chemical fume, dust, and air pollution. Although there are many causes to this disease, smoking is the most common. It happens to over 12 million Americans and the risk factors can be environmental or genetics. COPD is largely preventable…

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs. It's caused by smoking cigarettes or long-term exposure to irritating gases or particulate matter. Your lungs are directly affected by COPD, because air travels down your trachea and into your lungs through the bronchi. The bronchi are divided into many smaller tubes or bronchioles that end in clusters of tiny air sacs called alveoli. Your lungs rely on the natural…

The patient George is 76 year old who has the subjective complaints of frequent nosebleeds, ecchymosis, runny nose, and cough. His history reveal atrial fibrillation. He is taking medications that include digoxin, warfarin, cimetidine, and pseudoephedrine. There are four problems identified for the patient. First, based on this complaints of frequent nosebleeds, it is noted that the patient is taking cimetidine and warfarin. There is an interaction with his cimetidine and warfarin. This is a…

Background: Asthma is an international health problem of epidemic proportions that affects around 300 million people worldwide with an estimated 250,000 annual deaths. It is the most common chronic childhood disease, and affects 10% of children in the United States (1). The economic burden of the chronic effects of asthma in the United States is estimated to be over $50 billion per year (2). The hallmark of asthma is hyperresponsiveness of the airway smooth muscle and fluctuating levels of…

Thank you for involving me in the care of Silvana Libratore, a 67-year-old lady who is a lifelong non-smoker and has previously worked in an office environment. Silvana keeps no pets. As you are aware, Silvana was initially admitted to The Northern Hospital between the 23rd and 28th of July following a two-week history of cough and breathlessness. A chest x-ray followed by a CTPA study were unremarkable and inflammatory markers were normal. A provisional diagnosis of viral bronchitis…