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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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system that places Earth at the center of the universe
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geocentric
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_____- the universe is a series of centric spheres one inside the other
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Ptolemaic system
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sun- centered
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heliocentric
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law that explains why the planetary bodies do not go off in a straight line, but instead continue in elliptical orbits about the Sun, also states that every in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity
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universal law of gravitation
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system of thought based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge
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rationalism
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a systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence
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scientific method
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the doctrine that scientist should proceed from the particular to the general by making systematic observations and carefully organized experiments to test hypothesis , a process that will lead to correct general principle
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inductive reasoning
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greatest astronomer of antiquity
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Ptolemy
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Polish, a mathematician, heliocentric
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Nicholas Copernicus
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first European to make regular observations of the heavens using telescope
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Galileo Galilei
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wrote Principia, defined the three laws of motion that govern the planetary bodies, universal law of gravitation
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Isaac Newton
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college Isaac Newton attended
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Cambridge University
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one of he first scientist to conduct controlled experiments
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Robert Boyle
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one of the most prominent female scientists of the seventeenth century
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Margaret Cavendish
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the most famous of the female astronomers in Germany
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Maria Winkelmann
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French philosopher, father of rationalism
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Rene Descartes
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an English philosopher, believed scientists should use inductive reasoning
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Francis Bacon
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French name meaning philosopher
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philosophe
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a form of government in which the executive, legislative and judicial branches limit and control each other through a system of checks and balances
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separation of powers
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an eighteenth century religious philosophy based on reason and natural law
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deism
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"to let the people do what they want to do"
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laissez-faire
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the concept proposed by Rouseau that an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will, and all individuals should be forced to abide by the general will since it represents what is best for the entire community
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social contract
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the elegant drawing rooms of the wealthy upper class's great urban houses
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salon
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seventeenth century Englishmen, who argued people are born with a tabula rasa, or blank slate
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John Locke
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French noble, who wrote the Spirit of the Laws, he made his work available for the U.S. Constitution
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Montesquiue
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the greatest figure of the Enlightenment, criticized Christianity and belief in religious toleration
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Voltaire
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became Freeland writer, wrote Encyclopedia
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Denis Diderot
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believed the state should not interfere with the economic matters
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Adam Smith
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philosophe, presented social contract, sought balance between heart and mind, between emotion and reason
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Jean - Jaques Rousseau
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English writer, viewed as founder of the modern European and American movement for women's rights
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Mary Wollstonecraft
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an Anglican minister, Methodism
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John Wesley
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new artistic style, emphasized grace, charm and gentle action; replaced baroque, and was highly secular
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rococo
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a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers
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enlightened absolutism
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a renowned organist as well as a composer
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Bach
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German who spent much of his career in England; religious music; Messiah
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Handel
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spent most of his life as a musical director for Hungarian princes
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Hayden
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a true child prodigy
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Mozart
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one of the best educated and most cultured monarchs in the eighteenth century, ruler of Prussia
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Fredrick the Great
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inherited the Austrian throne in 1740, she worked to centralize the Austrian Empire and strengthen the power of the state
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Maria Theresa
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ruled Russia, successor to Peter the Great
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Catherine the Great
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Montesquieu identified 3 basic kings of government:
1. 2. 3. |
1. republics
2. despotism 3. monarchies |
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Adam Smith gave government 3 basic roles
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1. protecting society from invasion (army)
2. defending citizens from injustice (police) 3. keeping up certain public works |
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Contrast the Ptolemaic system of the universe to the one developed by Copernicus.
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Ptolemaic system: Earth was center and motionless, all planets made of crystal like, transparent substance, prime mover ( gave motion to others)
Copernicus: heliocentric(sun- centered)planets revolved around Sun. Sun Earth mvmnt caused by the daily rotation of the earth on its axis and yearly trip |
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why did the Catholic Church condemn the work of Galileo in the seventeenth century?
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he used Copernicus's conception, did not put God in a specific place, and people were not center
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Explain the influence of Isaac Newton and John Locke on Enlightenment thinkers.
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world and everything in it was like a giant machine. intellectuals believed they could discover the natural laws that governed human society, and produce an ideal society.
Locke's idea that people were molded by experiences, so if environments were changed people were exposed to right influences, then people could be changed and a new society created |
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List the primary occupations of the philosophes.
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writers
professors journalists economists social reformers |
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What did Rousseau mean when he stated that if any individual wants to pursue his own self-interests "He will be forced to be free"? Do you agree or disagree with Rousseaus's ideas? why?
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That in order for one to be free he/she must agree to follow guidelines to better the community. Yes, I agree, because without guidelines it is hard to have liberty.
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Describe the characteristics of an ideal enlightened ruler. Do any of the eighteenth-century rulers have the characteristics of an ideal ruler?
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Enlightened rulers allow religious toleration, freedom of speech and press, an the rights of private property. They nurture the arts and sciences, and education. Also, they obey the laws and enforce them fairly for all subjects. Joseph II
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List all the countries in the world that fought in the Seven Years' War. Which country gained the most territory?
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Britain Austrians
Prussians Russians French |
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why were Enlightenment ideas never fully practiced by eighteenth-century rulers?
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because rulers were concerned with a balance of power, and there was not an overwhelming desire for peace.
most took priorities such as strengthening the state and maintaining the existing system first. |
