Western Civ Final

Front 1

Five Good Emperors

Back 1

Nerva

Trajan

Hadrian

Antonius Pius

Marcus Aurelius

Front 2

Commodus

Back 2

Commodus was Roman Emperor from 180 to 192. He also ruled as co-emperor with his father Marcus Aurelius from 177 until his father's death in 180.

Front 3

Severan Dynasty

Back 3

The Severan dynasty was a Roman imperial dynasty, which ruled the Roman Empire between 193 and 235. The dynasty was founded by the Roman general Septimius Severus, who rose to power as the victor of the 193-197 civil war.

Front 4

The Tetrarchy

Back 4

any form of government where power is divided among four individuals, but in modern usage usually refers to the system instituted by Roman Emperor Diocletian in 286, marking the end of the Crisis of the Third Century and the recovery of the Roman Empire.

Front 5

Milvian Bridge

Back 5

The Battle of the Milvian Bridge took place between the Roman Emperors Constantine I and Maxentius on 28 October 312. It takes its name from the Milvian Bridge, an important route over the Tiber.

Front 6

Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Vandals, Huns, Franks

Back 6

Five German tribes that participated in the fragmentation and the collapse of the Western Roman Empire

Front 7

Carolingian Dynasty

Back 7

was a Frankish noble family, reached its peak in 800 with the crowning of Charlemagne as the first Emperor of Romans in over three centuries

Front 8

Alcuin

Back 8

was an English scholar, ecclesiastic, poet and teacher from York, Northumbria. He was born around 735 and became the student of Archbishop Ecgbert at York.

Front 9

The Treaty of Verdun (843 A.D)

Back 9

was the first of the treaties that divided the Carolingian Empire into three kingdoms among the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious, the son and successor of Charlemagne. The treaty signed in Verdun-sur-Meuse ended the three-year Carolingian Civil War.

Front 10

The Council of Clermont (1096 A.D.)

Back 10

was a mixed synod of ecclesiastics and laymen of the Catholic Church, which was held from November 18 to November 28, 1095 at Clermont, France. Pope Urban II's speech on November 27 was the starting point of the First Crusade.

Front 11

Moses Maimonides (1135-1204)

Back 11

was a medieval Sephardic Jewish philosopher who became one of the most prolific and influential Torah scholars of the Middle Ages. In his time, he was also a preeminent astronomer and physician

Front 12

Four developments which characterize the Late Middle Ages

Back 12

The Great Famine

The Hundred Years War

The Black Death

The Great Schism

Front 13

Middle Ages

Back 13

he period of European history from the fall of the Roman Empire in the West (5th century) to the fall of Constantinople (1453), or, more narrowly, from circa 1100 to 1453.

Front 14

Babylonian Captivity (1309-1377)

Back 14

the period in Jewish history during which the Jews of the ancient Kingdom of Judah were captives in Babylon.

Front 15

The Great Schism

Back 15

was the break of communion between what are now the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches, which has lasted since the 11th century.

Front 16

Conciliarism

Back 16

was a reform movement in the 14th-, 15th- and 16th-century Catholic Church which held that supreme authority in the Church resided with an Ecumenical council, apart from, or even against, the pope. The movement emerged in response to the Western Schism between rival popes in Rome and Avignon.

Front 17

Council of Constance (1414-1417)

Back 17

the 15th century ecumenical council recognized by the Roman Catholic Church, held from 1414 to 1418. The council ended the Western Schism, by deposing or accepting the resignation of the remaining papal claimants and electing Pope Martin V.

Front 18

Jan Hus and Jerome of Prague

Back 18

Jerome of Prague - was a Czech scholastic philosopher, theologian, reformer, and professor.....was one of the chief followers of Jan Hus and was burned for heresy at the Council of Constance.

Front 19

Manuel Chrysoloras

Back 19

was a pioneer in the introduction of Greek literature to Western Europe during the late middle ages.

Front 20

Civic Humanism

Back 20

is a form of republicanism developed in the Renaissance inspired by the governmental forms and writings of classical antiquity, especially such classical writers as Aristotle, Polybius, and Cicero.

Front 21

Leonardo Bruni

Back 21

was an Italian humanist, historian and statesman, often recognized as the most important humanist historian of the early Renaissance. He has been called the first modern historian

Front 22

The Platonic Academy

Back 22

was a 15th-century discussion group in Florence, Italy. It was founded after Gemistus Pletho reintroduced Plato's thoughts to Western Europe during the 1438 - 1439 Council of Florence.

Front 23

The Gutenberg Bible (1453)

Back 23

was the first major book printed using mass-produced movable metal type in Europe. It marked the start of the "Gutenberg Revolution" and the age of the printed book in the West.

Front 24

Lorenzo Valla

Back 24

was an Italian humanist, rhetorician, and educator. He is best known for his textual analysis that proved that the Donation of Constantine was a forgery.

Front 25

Rudolf Agricola

Back 25

Rodolphus Agricola was a pre-Erasmian humanist of the northern Low Countries, famous for his supple Latin and one of the first north of the Alps to know Greek well.

Front 26

Christian Humanism

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is the belief that human freedom, individual conscience, and unencumbered rational inquiry are compatible with the practice of Christianity or even intrinsic in its doctrine. It represents a philosophical union of Christian faith and classical humanist principles

Front 27

Erasmus of Rotterdam

Back 27

was a Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, social critic, teacher, and theologian. Erasmus was a classical scholar and wrote in a pure Latin style.

Front 28

Martin Luther

Back 28

was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, monk and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church.

Front 29

the 95 Theses (1517) & Indulgences

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Martin luther attacked the catholic churches practices and indulgences in sermons.

Issue of Money and Religion

Front 30

Wittenberg

Back 30

Wittenberg historically was due to its seat of the Elector of Saxony, a dignity held by the dukes of Saxe-Wittenberg and also to its close connection with Martin Luther and the dawn of the Protestant Reformation; several of its buildings are associated with the events of this time.

Front 31

The Diet of Worms (1521)

Back 31

was an imperial diet (assembly) of the Holy Roman Empire held at the Heylshof Garden in Worms, then an Imperial Free City of the Empire. An imperial diet was a formal deliberative assembly of the whole Empire.

Front 32

The Augsburg Confession (1530)

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is the primary confession of faith of the Lutheran Church and one of the most important documents of the Lutheran Reformation.

Front 33

"cuius regio, eius religio" (1555)

Back 33

is a Latin phrase which literally means "Whose realm, his religion", meaning that the religion of the ruler was to dictate the religion of those ruled

Front 34

The Edict of Nantes (1598)

Back 34

granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in the nation, which was still considered essentially Catholic at the time. In the edict, Henry aimed primarily to promote civil unity.[

Front 35

The English Civil War (1642-45)

Back 35

was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians ("Roundheads") and Royalists ("Cavaliers") over, principally, the manner of England's government.

Front 36

Oliver Cromwell & The English Commonwealth

Back 36

was an English military and political leader and later Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland.

Front 37

Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

Back 37

uropean settlements of 1648, which brought to an end the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Dutch and the German phase of the Thirty Years' War. The peace was negotiated, from 1644, in the Westphalian towns of Münster and Osnabrück. The Spanish-Dutch treaty was signed on January 30, 1648